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ANSWERS 

TO 

QUESTIONS PRESCRIBED 

BY 

PHARMACEUTICAL STATE BOARDS. 



ROBERT B. LUDY, M. D., 

LATE ACTING ASSISTANT SURGEON U. R. A.; LECTURER ON PRACTICE OF MFDICINE IN 

TEMPLE COLLEGE OF PHILADELPHIA; AUTHOR OF "ANSWERS TO QUI-STIcblS 

PRESCRIBED BY MEDICAL STATE BOARDS," "ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 

PRESCRIBED BY DENTAL STATE BOARDS," ETC. 

SECOND EDITION 

REVISED AND ENLARGED, WITH THE ADDITION OF A CHAPTER ON 



PHARMACOGNOSY 



HEBER W. YOUNGKEN, Ph.G., A. M., M. S., Ph.D., 

AUTHOR OF " YOUNGKEN'S PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY " ; ACTING PROFESSOR OF BOTANT 

AND PHARMACOGNOSY IN THE PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY; FORMERLY 

PROFESSOR IN CHARGE OF BOTANY AND PHARMACOGNOSY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF 

PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY OF THE MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL COLLEGE; MEMBER 

OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, BOTANICAL 

60CIETY OF AMERICA, AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION, 

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, ETC. 



PHILADELPHIA 

JOHN JOS. McVEY 

1917 



^ 



0& 






Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1917, 

Bt JOHN JOS. McVEY, 

In the Office of the Librarian at Washington, D. C. 



N 



£* 



OCT 15 1917 



H 



y / i4 77039 



\ 



/ 



PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 



The advent of the United States Pharmacopoeia IX, the Na- 
tional Formulary IV, and the Harrison Law with the conse- 
quent new demands of State Pharmaceutical Examining Boards 
has made it necessary to compile a second edition of this work. 

A large number of questions appearing in the first edition 
have been retained although the answers to these in the majority 
of instances had to be altered to meet the new standards. To 
these have .been added many of the newer questions exacted 
from candidates by Pharmacy Boards within recent years. 

The introduction of pharmacognic standards into the new 
pharmacopoeia and the resultant emphasis placed upon the 
science of Pharmacognosy in all first-class pharmaceutical insti- 
tutions has led to increased requirements of this science by state 
boards of pharmacy. To meet this demand a new chapter on 
Pharmacognosy has been introduced. 

The chapter on Botany has been almost entirely re-written. 
Questions and answers on the Harrison law are given adequate 
attention in the chapter on Pharmacy. 

The supplement has been augmented by the addition of a 
number of selected formulae which have proven to be a handy 
asset at the average prescription counter. 

The task of revision was allotted to Prof. HeberW. Youngken, 
who has for many years been in close touch with the practical 
and theoretical problems of Pharmacy. 

Robert B. Ludy. 
(iii) 



PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 



The indorsement of the answers and questions prescribed 
by Medical and Dental State Boards, as shown by numerous 
expressions of approval by the profession and students at large, 
has induced me to prepare this book. 

Many persons having an adequate knowledge of the subject 
in which they are tested fail because of their inability to inter- 
pret properly the intents and purposes of the questions to be 
answered by themf To aid in this, as well as to afford a con- 
venient manual for the general preparation of pharmaceutical 
students in their work, is the sole object of this book. 

Having collected a large number of questions from different 
States, it was found that duplications occurred, ranging from 
40 per cent, to 85 per cent., varying according to the several 
subjects. Thus a comprehensive knowledge of these questions 
and answers will serve excellently in the preparation for future 
examinations before such Boards. 

In order to secure a critical interpretation of the questions and 
concise, j 7 et complete, answers to the same, the author has been 
favored by the assistance of well-known specialists in their sev- 
eral lines, whose competence and experience give to the work a 
range and value impossible of attainment in the product of a 
single author. 

The contributors have acquired merited distinction as practi- 
tioners and teachers of their specialties. The author desires to 
express his thanks for their support and co-operation and his 
appreciation of their work. 

Robert B. Ludy. 
(v) 



CONTENTS. 



PA»H 

I. Pharmacy 1 

II. Pharmacognosy 133 

III. Materia Medica 170 

IV. Chemistry 245 

V. Botany 303 

VI. Toxicology and Posology 323 

VII. Supplement 845 

(vii) 



PHARMACY. 



What is Pharmacy? 

Pharmacy is the science which treats of medicinal sub- 
stances. 

State the Latin and English titles of (a) two syrups 
made by solution with heat, (b) two syrups made by 
simple addition of medicated liquid to syrup, (c) two 
syrups each of which contains an organic acid, naming 
the acid in each case, (d) two syrups involving chemical 
reaction in their preparation. 

(a) Syrupus (Syrup) ; Syrupus Acacia (Syrup of Acacia). 

(b) Syrupus Senegse (Syrup of Senega; Syrupus Sennae 
(Syrup of Senna). 

(c) Syrupus Ipecacuanha? (Syrup of Ipecac) contains 
acetic acid; Syrupus Acidi Citrici (Syrup of Citric Acid) 
contains citric acid. 

(d) Syrupus Ferri lodidi (Syrup of Ferrous Iodide) ; 
Syrupus Calcii Laetophosphatis (Syrup of Calcium Lacto- 
phosj)hate). 



Ytv 



Three lots of opium assay respectively 7% morphine, 
u% morphine and 19% morphine. How much of each 
lot will be required to make 500 grammes of opium as= 
saying 12% morphine? (Put down all figures used in 
calculation.) 

(1) 



PHARMACY. 



12 



! 

7 


11 

i 


1 

19 

1 








7 


7 


5 

1 



Answer: 7 parts of£lot assaying 
7 " " " 



Proof: 7*parts X 7% = 49 % 
7 " X H% = 77 % 
6 " X 19% =114% 



7 % 
11% 
19 % 



20) 240 % 
20 

40 
40 



(12% 



In terms of grammes : 

Required parts: 

7 parts of lot assaying 7 % 
7 parts of lot assaying 11 % 
6 parts of lot assaying 19 % 

20 = total number of parts) 500 grammes of opium (25 
40 

100 

100 

25 X 7 = 175 grammes of lot assaying 7 % 
25 X 7 = 175 grammes of lot assaying 11 % 
25 x6=" 150 grammes of lot assaying 19 % / 

Take mercury, 33 Gm., glycyrrhiza, 10 Gni., althaea, 15 
Gni., glycerin,^ Gm., and honey of rose, 33 Gm. ; triturate the 
mercury with the honey of rose until it is extinguished and 
globules of mercury are no longer visible under a lens mag- 
nifying at least ten diameters; add the glycerin, then the 
glycyrrhiza and althaea gradually, and continue the tritura- 
tion until the mass is homogeneous. 

What is the official name of this preparation? 

It is not official, for it does not meet the requirements of 
the XL S. P. IX. It would be official as Massa Hydrargyri 
were it to contain in addition 1 Gm. of oleate of mercury and 
1 Gm. less of honey of rose, and were the oleate of mercury 



PHARMACY. 3 

triturated in a warm mortar with the mercury before incor- 
porating the other ingredients. 

What percentage of mercury does it contain? 

33 per cent. 

What is the medicinal property and dose? 

Cathartic. 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 

What methods of making tinctures are recognized by 
the U. S. P.? 

Percolation, maceration and solution (or dilution). 
Briefly describe each method. 

In percolation the powdered drug is placed in a suitable 
container and its soluble contents extracted by running a 
liquid through it and collecting the liquid. 

Maceration is that process by which the ground drug is 
allowed to stand in the menstruum, and finally the liquid is 
expressed. 

Solution is the process of dissolving the medicinal sub- 
stance in the liquid. 

How would you crystallize a salt? 

Dissolve it in the least amount of distilled water, apply 
heat to evaporate a little water, then set aside. On cooling, 
the salt will crystallize. 

How do resins differ from gums? 

Eesins are insoluble in water ; soluble in alcohol. Gums are 
insoluble in alcohol • soluble in water. 

From what is common resin (or rosin) made? 

Turpentine, after distilling off its volatile oil. 
What is destructive distillation? 

The process of heating dry organic matter in a distillatory 
apparatus until all volatile substances are driven off. 



^ 



PHARMACY. 



hat is sterilization? 

The process of killing microorganisms and their spores by 
heat, chemicals or filtration. 

Why are tinctures not made of a uniform strength? 

Because of the wide variation in potency. The dose of 
some would be too large. 

Name five (5) tinctures and give the percentage, 
strength of each. 

Tincture of aconite, 10% ; tincture of belladonna, 10% ; 
tincture of opium, 10% ; tincture of iodine, 7% ; tincture of 
digitalis, 10%. 

What is fermentation? 

The phenomenon due to subjecting organic bodies to the 
action of warmth, air and water with the production of useful 
substances through the agency of enzymes. 

How much alcohol should be added to five (5) gallons 
of a liquid to make the product 20 per cent alcohol 
strength? 

Alcohol, II/4 gallons. 

How many grains in an avoirdupois, a troy, and a fluid 
ounce? 

Avoirdupois, 437.5. Troy, 480. Fluid ounce depends on 
what liquid, e. g., water is 454.6 grains, at 25° C. (77° F.). 

How do blue mass and blue ointment differ? 

Blue mass is for internal use, and contains mercury, licor- 
ice, althea, glycerin, and honey of rose. 

Blue ointment is for external use, and contains mercury, 
oleate of mercury, benzoinated lard, and suet. 

What are elixirs? 

Elixirs are aromatic, sweetened, alcoholic preparations con- 
taining a small amount of active ingredient. 



PHARMACY. 5 

How could you make a solid extract from a fluid 
extract? 

By evaporation on a water-bath. 

How do you estimate the strength of a solid extract? 

By assay, to determine the amount of active ingredient. 

What causes precipitates to form in tinctures and fluid 
extracts? 

The evaporation of alcohol and the action of light on the 
"extractive matter," and other constituents. 

What is the opium strength of paregoric? Of lauda= 
num? 

Paregoric, four-tenths per cent ; laudanum, ten per cent. 

What weights and measures are used by physicians in 
writing prescriptions? 

Apothecaries weight and metric weight. Liquid and metric 
measure. 

Give exact outline or table of each. 

Apothecaries. Liquid. 

20 grains = 1 scruple. 60 minims = 1 fiuidrachm. 

3 scruples = 1 drachm. 8 fiuidrachms = 1 nuidounce. 

8 drachms = 1 ounce. 16 fluidounces = 1 pint. 

12 ounces = 1 pound. 2 pints = 1 quart. 

4 quarts = 1 gallon. 

Metric. 
Solid. Liquid. 

10 milligrams = 1 centigram. 10 milliliters = 1 centiliter. 

10 centigrams = 1 decigram. 10 centiliters = 1 deciliter. 

10 decigrams = 1 gram. 10 deciliters = 1 liter. 

10 grams = 1 dekagram. 1000 liters = 1 kiloliter. 

10 dekagrams = 1 hectogram. 
10 hectograms = 1 kilogram. 
10 kilograms == 1 myriagram. 

What designates the dissipation of liquids by the ap= 
plication of heat? 

Evaporation. 



6 PHARMACY. 

Of solids? 

Sublimation. 

The formula for compound licorice powder is: Senna, 
180 grams; liquorice, 236 grams; washed sulphur, 80 
grams; oil of fennel, 4 grams; sugar, 500 grams. Write a 
formula for 5 lbs. avoirdupois of the powder. 

Senna 14 oz. 182 grains. 

Liquorice 18 oz. 400 grains. 

Washed sulphur 6 oz. 182 grains. 

Oil of fennel 146 grains. 

Sugar 40 oz. 

The formula for tincture cinchona compound is: Red 
cinchona, 100 grams; bitter orange peel, 80 grams; ser= 
pentaria, 20 grams; glycerin 75 Mils.; alcohol, water, each 
sufficient to make 1000 Mils. Write a formula for 8 pints 
of the tincture. 

Red cinchona « 1 2 oz. 364 grains. 

Bitter orange peel 10 oz. 114 grains. 

Serpentaria 2 oz. 255 grains. 

Glycerin 9 fluid oz. 3 v. 

00 ° > of each sufficient to make 8 pints. 
Water > 

Give two (2) examples each of deliquescent and efflor- 
escent salts. 

t. , . . f Potassium carbonate. 

Deliquescent < . 

<- Calcium chloride. 

-rjira t f Sodium carbonate. 

Efflorescent 1 

y- Ammonium carbonate. 

Write a formula for a troy ounce oleate of morphine, 
6 per cent, and tell how you would make it. 

R . Morphinae gr. xxix. 

Acidi oleici q. s. f ^ i. 

Triturate the morphine in a warm mortar with a little oleie 
acid to a smooth paste. Then add the remainder of the oleic 
acid ; warm and triturate until the morphine is dissolved. 



PHARMACY. 7 

What is the difference between Heavy Liquid Petro* 
latum and Light Liquid Petrolatum? 

Heavy Liquid Petrolatum has a viscosity of not less than 
3.1, while Light Liquid Petrolatum has a viscosity of not 
more than 3. 

Which is indicated for internal administration? 

Heavy Liquid Petrolatum. 

Write a formula for 25 pills each to contain the follow= 
ing: Strychnia, 1 milligram; reduced iron, 60 milligrams; 
quinine sulphate, 100 milligrams. 

R . Stiychninse [025 

Ferri. reducti 1 500 

Quin. sulphatis 2(500 

M. ft. Pilulse jSTo. xxv. 

How would you powder gum camphor? 

Add a few drops of alcohol and pound in a mortar. 
What is an impalpable powder? 

One of extreme fineness. 

What is the common name for liquor ammonii acetatis? 
How is it made? 

Spirit of mindererus. It is made by saturating diluted 
acetic acid with ammonium carbonate. 

What is rock candy syrup, and what contamination 
does it often have? 

An aqueous solution of sugar. It is often adulterated with 
glucose. 

What are liquors of the U. S. P.? 

Aqueous solutions of non-volatile substances. 
What is the strength of pepsin U. S. P.? 
1 to 3000. 



8 PHARMACY. 

How are effervescing salts prepared? 

The salt is granulated and dried, then mixed with citric or 
tartaric acid, and then with sodium bicarbonate, placed in a 
warm oven until slightly moist and rubbed through a No. 6 
tin sieve. 

What are tinctures? 

Tinctures are alcoholic preparations made by extracting the 
valuable principles from drugs by the use of appropriate 
menstrua or solvents. 

Which U. S. P. tinctures are not made by extraction? 

Tincture of ferric chloride and tincture of iodine. 

How are these made? 

Tincture of ferric chloride is made by adding solution of 
ferric chloride to alcohol. Tincture of iodine is made by 
dissolving potassium iodide in distilled water, adding iodine, 
agitating the mixture until solution is effected, and then add- 
ing the alcohol. 

How are U. S. P. resins prepared? 

An alcoholic extract of the drug is washed repeatedly with 
water and the product dried. 

How are fixed oils prepared? How are volatile oils 
prepared? 

Fixed oils are expressed. 

Volatile oils are obtained by either distillation or solution. 
A few by special methods. 

What is meant by a synonym? 

A word used in place of another. Applied to common 
names for official drugs. 

What is meant by solution? 

Solution is the mechanical separation and diffusion of the 
molecules of a substance, either solid, liquid or gaseous, 
through a liquid. 



PHARMACY. 9 

What is a saturated solution? 

A solution containing its maximum of the solid in solution. 
Name five (5) solvents used in Pharmacy. 

Alcohol, water, ether, acetic acid, and chloroform. 

How would you test the accuracy of a 1 ounce graduate? 

Weigh into the graduate 454.6 grains of distilled water at 
25° C. and note the capacity. This figure is the weight of 1 
fluid ounee. 

What is the difference between carbonate of magnesia 
and calcined magnesia? 

Magnesium carbonate is deprived of its carbon-dioxide and 
water to form the calcined, which is an oxide of magnesia. 

Name three (3) tinctures made by percolation. 

Tincture of belladonna, aconite and capsicum. 
Name three (3) tinctures made by maceration. 
Tincture of musk, myrrh and tolu. 

Give the source of the following acids: 

Gallic = nut galls. 

Tannic = nut galls. 

Benzoic = benzoin. 

Lactic = milk. 

Malic = fruits. 

How many grains of morphine in 2 1=2 ounces Magen= 

dies' solution? 
40 grains. 

Give the difference in grains between the avoirdupois 
and the Troy pound. 
1240 grains. 

How many grains of opium are contained in 3 1=2 grains 
of Dover's powder? 
About % grain. 



10 PHARMACY. 

What is the difference between spirits of ammonia and 
aqua ammonia? 

The spirit is an alcoholic solution of ammonia gas while the 
aqua is watery. 

What is meant by an amorphous salt? 

Non-crystallizable. 

Give two (2) examples of amorphous salts. 

Ferric citrate and magnesium oxide. 

What is meant by an official preparation? 

One recognized by the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. 

Name the three (3) different processes for making offi= 
cial tinctures. 

Percolation, solution and maceration. 

Why has the " mil " replaced the c. c. in the U. S. P. IX? 

For two reasons, viz. : The United States Bureau of Stand- 
ards decreed that the term cubic centimeter (c.c.) was a mis- 
nomer, there being a slight difference between the thousandth 
part of a liter and the cubic centimeter. Moreover, the change 
promotes international uniformity in the two Pharmacopoeias 
published in the English language. Mil. is an abbreviation 
for milliliter, the thousandth part of a liter. 

What is the difference between a decoction and an in= 
fusion? 

A decoction is made by boiling the drug with water, while 
the infusion is made by pouring boiling water on the drug 
and allowing it to cool. 

Name two (2) official infusions. 

Infusum digitalis, infusum sennae compositum. 

How many milliliters in one pint imperial measure? 

567. 

Give the U. S. P. formula for carron oil. 

Lime water, 500 Mils. ; linseed oil, 500 Mils. 



PHARMACY. 11 

How much opium should there be in 25 milliliters of 
paregoric? 

1 decigramme. 

What is meant by spontaneous evaporation? 

Dissipation of a liquid at ordinary temperature. 

Give the approximate measure in fluid drachms of a 

Wineglassful =16 
Tablespoonful = 4 
Dessertspoonful = 2 
Teaspoonful = 1 

Give the official name of chalybeate pills. 

Pilulae ferri carbonatis. 

What causes the milky appearance in liquor plumbi 
subacet. dil.? 

The presence of carbon-dioxide in the water forms lead 
carbonate. 

What Pharmacopoeial drug imparts a red color to 
alcohol, but not to water? 

Santalum rubrum. 

State its use. 

It is used as a coloring agent in tincture of lavender com- 
pound. 

Name two fluid extracts that are made with an alkaline 
menstruum. 

Fluidextract of senega; fluidextract of glycyrrhiza. 

What pills of U. S. P. are directed to be coated with 
balsam tolu? 

Pills of phosphorus and ferrous iodide. 

Why is glycerin sometimes used with the menstruum 
in making tinctures? 

To increase the coloring power of the menstruums and aid 
in preservation, especially where tannic acid is present. 



12 PHARMACY. 

If not specified, what weight would you make rectal 
suppositories? 
2 grammes. 
Write the following prescription in metric measure: 

R. Tincture aconite rnxxxjj Metric 

Tincture cinchonae co.. 5jjjj R. Tinct. aconiti 2 00 

Elix. potass, brom 5Jv Tinct. cinchon. co .. 10 00 

Elix. simplex, q. s. ad. §jj Elix. pot. brom 15.00 

M. Sig. Elix. simp 60 00 

M. Sig. 

What percentage of anhydrous morphine should pulvis 
opii U. S. P. contain? 

Not less than 10% nor more than 10.5' . 

How would you make Hoffman's anodyne? 

Simple mixture of ether, alcohol and ethereal oil. 

Iain the process of levigation, and of pulverization 
by intervention. 

Levigation is the process of reducing substances to fine 
powder by rubbing on a slab the powder previously mois: 

Pulverization by intervention is the process of powdering 
solids by the addition of volatile substances to aid in reducing. 

Interpret the following: 

Omni hora = every hour. 
Bis in die. = twice daily. 
Pro re nata = occasionally. 

Capiat unam post cibum = Take one after eating. 
Cochleare parvuni onini bihora = A teaspoonful every two 
hours. 

For what drug and its preparations does the Pharma= 
copoeia IX require compulsory biologic standardization^? 

Can: 

What is a fixed oil? An essential oil? 

A fixed oil is non-volatile. An essential oil is volatile. 



PHARMACY. 13 

Give one example each of a fixed oil and an essential oil. 

Fixed = castor oil. 
Essential — cinnamon oil. 

Name the infusions of the pharmacopoeia. 

Infusion of digitalis, compound senna. 

Why are some infusions directed to be made with cold 
water? 

To save the active ingredient, which is volatile with heat. 

What is elutriation? 

The process of obtaining a substance in fine powder by sus- 
pending it in water, allowing the heavier particles to subside, 
decanting the supernatant liquid and collecting the residue. 

What are misturae? 

They are aqueous liquids for internal use containing insol- 
uble substances in suspension. 

Name two (2) official misturae. 

Mistura glycyrrhizae composita, mistura cretae. 

Explain the difference between tinctures and spirits. 

Spirits are alcoholic solutions of volatile substances, while 
tinctures are not altogether alcoholic, containing in some cases 
also water and glycerin; nor are the medicinal ingredients 
always volatile. 

Name four (4) official glycerites. 

Glyceritum amyli, boroglycerini, hydrastis, phenolis. 
What official ointment is made by chemical reaction? 

TJnguentum hydrargyri nitratis (Citrine Ointment). 

What are triturations? 

They are 10 per cent dilutions of medicinal substances in 
sugar of milk. 

Name one (1) official trituration. 

Trituratio elaterini. 



14 PHARMACY. 

How many ounces in 53 milliliters? 

1 23 / 30 ounces. 

What is ebullition? 

The process of boiling. 

Write translations of the following abbreviations: 

ss = one-half. m. =mix. 

aa = of each. ft. = make, 

ad = to. sig. = write. 

q. s. = sufficient quantity. 

Why are prescriptions usually written in Latin? 

It is more scientific, often keeps the patient in ignorance 
of the medicines, and, being unchanging, is not affected by 
idioms. The Latin is more distinctive. 

How is massa hydrargyri made? 

Mercury is triturated with honey of rose until invisible with 
a 10-power microscope. Add glycerin, licorice and althaea, 
and triturate until homogeneous. 

What is the standard assay for this preparation? 

It contains not less than 32% nor more than 34% of metal- 
lic mercury. 

Give the method of making an official medicinal water 
from a volatile oil. 

Triturate the oil with purified talc, and gradually add the 
water and filter. 

Give the common name of mistura ferri composita, and 
state whether it is a stable preparation. 

Griffith's Mixture. It is not stable. 

What is the percentage strength of the official solu= 
tions of arsenic? 

One per cent. 



PHARMACY. 15 

Give the common names of the official solutions of 
arsenic. 

Solution of arsenous acid (solution of chloride of arsenic), 
Fowler's solution, Donovan's solution, solution of sodium 
arsenate (Pearson's solution). 

Name two official liniments that contain camphor. 

Linimentum saponis ; linimentum belladonnae. 

How would you make oleate of mercury? Give its per= 
centage strength in the U. S. P. 

Triturate yellow oxide of mercury with, alcohol, add the 
oleic acid, and warm until alcohol is evaporated under tri- 
turation. 25 per cent. 

When potassium iodide and mercury bichloride are 
combined in solution, with the addition of an alkaloidal 
salt, what is formed that causes the precipitation? 

Solution of mercuric chloride in excess of potassium iodide, 
known as solution of iodohydrargyrate of potassium, or 
" Mayer's Solution," is a very delicate precipitant, precipi- 
tating all alkaloids from very dilute solutions, except caffeine 
and theobromine. The solution should be acid or neutral — 
not alkaline. 

In preparing fluid oleates from alkaloids, why should 
not the salts of the alkaloids be taken? 

Because oleic acid will not displace the stronger acids of 
the 



Which dissolves in liquid petrolatum, the salts or the 
free alkaloids? 
The free alkaloids. 

What is sapo? 

Sapo is soap (true Castile soap) prepared from olive oil 
and sodium hydroxide, and which conforms to the require- 
ments of the U. S. P. I£. 



16 PHARMACY. 

Explain saponification. 

Alkali hydroxides, in the cold, only partly decompose fats 
and fixed oils, forming emulsions with them; but at boiling 
temperature complete dissociation is effected, the fatty acids 
combining with the base, while glycerin is liberated. The new 
compounds thus obtained are known as soap, and the process 
is termed saponification. 
What is a fat=acid? 

Fixed oils, fats, and waxes are all ethereal salts or esters- 
compounds derived from various fat-acids and certain alco- 
hols. The fat-acids occurring in the most common fixed oils 
and fats are oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid. 

What official tincture is made by first washing the drug 
in benzin— and why is benzin used? 

Tincture of lactucarium. Benzin is used to remove the 
fixed oil which is present in the drug. 

Give the formula for 16 ounces of i in 1750 solution of 
hydrargyri bichloride. 

R . Hydrarg. bichloridi g r - iy 

Aqusedest * s " a<L °3' 

M. ft. sol. 
What is Basham's Mixture? Is it permanent? If not, 
give the reason. 

Basham's Mixture is liquor ferri et ammonii acetatis. It is 
not permanent, because ferrous hydrate is liable to form, due 
to decomposition. 

How would you make 1 ounce of a 7 per cent solution 
of eserine? 
Dissolve 32 grains of eserine in water. 

In making percentage solutions should the solvent be 
taken by weight or measure? Give an example. 

By measure. A 5 per cent aqueous solution of phenol would 
contain much less than a glycerin solution if taken by weight, 
but the same amount if taken by measure. 



PHARMACY. 17 

Write the following prescription in the metric system. 



& . Quininse sulph gr. xxiv R . Quin. sulph 1 

Acid sulph. arc- ni-. gj Ac. sulph. aromat 4 

Syr. aurantii 3 yj Syr. aurantii 22 

Aqua ad. §jv Aquae ad. 120 

Misce. Misce. 



What is the difference between heavy and light 

magnesia? 

A physical difference only. The light magnesia is made 
from light carbonate ; the heavy from heavy carbonate. 

What fluid extracts of the U. S. P. are not standardized 
to hold in solution one gramme of the soluble principle 
of the drug in each mil.? 

Those which are standardized for active principles. They 
include aconite, belladonna root, squill, cannabis, cinchona, 
colehicum seed, guarana, digitalis, Hydrastis, hyoscyamus, 
ipecac, mix vomica. 

What is an emulsion? State proportions of their prin= 
cipal ingredients. , 

An emulsion is an aqueous liquid containing oily substances 
in suspension by the use of gums or yolk of egg. 

Oil 50% 4 parts. 

Gum 121/2% 1 part. 

"Water 25% 2 parts. This forms emulsion base; then 
enough water is added to make 100% of finished product. 

Name the gaseous solutions official in the U. S. P. 

Aqua ammoniae, aqua ammoniae fortior, liquor hydrogenii 
dioxidi, liquor f ormaldehydi. 

Give two tests to distinguish creosote from carbolic 
acid. 

Mixing equal parts creosote and collodion produces no per- 
manent coagulum, and on distilling, most of it comes off be- 
tween 200° and 220° C, which on cooling to 20° C. becomes 
gelatinous, but not solid. 



18 PHARMACY. 

How do glucosides differ from alkaloids? 

Glucosides are neutral. Alkaloids are alkaline. Glucosides 
yield on fermentation or boiling with dilute acids, glucose 
and other substances, while alkaloids do not. Alkaloids are 
insoluble in water, but their salts are soluble. Alkaloids are 
soluble in ether, alcohol and benzin. Glucosides may be the 
active principles of the plants, but alkaloids always are. 

What syrup contains aqua ammoniae in U. S. P.? 

Syrup of senega, as official in the U. S. P., 1890. 

What per cent of the alkaloids should extract nux 
vomica contain? 

Not less than 15.2% nor more than 16.8%. 

Why is boiling necessary in preparing Fowler's soiu= 
tion? 

Boiling causes reaction between the arsenic trioxide and the 
acid carbonate of potassium, forming potassium arsenite. 

Give official name for Goulard's Extract. 

Liquor plumbi subacetatis. 
How is it prepared? 

By boiling lead oxide in a solution of lead acetate for half 
an hour, and filtering when cool. 

What is the difference in grains between the avoirdu= 
pois and the apothecaries' ounce? 

42% grains. 

What is the difference between the U. S. pint and the 
Imperial pint? 

The U. S. pint has 16 ounces ; the Imperial has 20 ounces. 
What are confections? 

Soft, saccharine solids containing medicinal substances in 
an agreeable form. 



PHARMACY. 19 

What is adeps benzoinatus? 

A mixture of lard and that amount of gum benzoin dis- 
solved by it when hot. 

How is it prepared? 

Mix the benzoin thoroughly with the lard and digest for 
several hours, then strain through muslin. 

Convert 50 F. to the corresponding degree of Centi= 
grade thermometer. 

50° From F.° subtract 32, then divide result 

32 byl.8 = C.° 

1.8)1M(10 

18. 



.0 Answer, 10° C. 

Name five (5) organic and five (5) inorganic acids. 

Organic: Tartaric, citric, malic, benzoic, oxalic. 
Inorganic : Hydrochloric, phosphoric, nitric, sulphuric, sul- 
phurous. 

What are suppositories? 

Solid bodies for insertion into the rectum, vagina or ure- 
thra for medicinal action, melting at body heat. 

What is the base of them as directed by the U. S. P.? 

Oil of theobroma or glycerinated gelatin. 

What shape and weight does the U. S. P. prescribe for 
the different kinds of suppositories? 

Rectal suppositories should be cone-shaped and should weigh 
two grammes. 

Vaginal suppositories should be globular or oviform in 
shape, and weigh about ten grammes, if made with glycer- 
inated gelatin, and about four grammes if made with oil of 
theobroma. 

Urethral suppositories should be pencil-shaped, pointed at 
one extremity, and either 7 Cm. in length, weighing about 2 



20 PHARMACY. 

grammes, or 14 Cm. in length, weighing about 4 grammes, 
when made with glycerinated gelatin. If prescribed with oil 
of theobroma they should weigh about one-half the above 
quantities. 

What are oleoresins? Mention two that deposit on 
standing and how should they be dispensed? 

Oleoresins are liquid preparations extracted from vegetable 
drugs by percolation with ether or alcohol, which dissolves the 
natural oils and resins. Both oleoresin of aspidium and 
cubeb deposit on standing — the former should be shaken, but 
oleoresin of cubeb should be decanted. 

What menstruum is used in preparing them? 

Ether, in all but oleoresin of cubeb, which is made with 
alcohol. 

In what do they differ from fluidextracts? 

Fluidextracts are of a definite strength, while oleoresins are 
indefinite. 

Name 5 official oleoresins. 

Oleoresins of parsley fruit, aspidium, cubeb, pepper, and 
ginger. 

Give the official Latin title for liquid apiol. 

Oleoresina petroselini. 

How is ferrum reductum prepared? 

By passing hydrogen over ferrous carbonate. 

From what is glycerin obtained? 

Animal fats. 

Give two (2) tests for its purity. 

Boil, and finally ignite the sample on platinum foil. It 
should completely vaporize and disappear, showing absence 
of mineral impurities. No cloudiness on addition of barium 
chloride shows absence of sulphuric acid. 



PHARMACY. 21 

How many grains of cocaine are required to make ioo 
grammes of a 2 per cent solution? 

30.864 (31 grains). 

Name two (2) official preparations containing ammonia 
gas, — state per cent of each, and state to which class of 
galenical preparations they belong. 

Aqua ammoniae = not less than 9.5% nor more than 
10.5% ; aqua ammoniae fortior = not less than 27% nor more 
than 29%. They are simple solutions. 

What . per cent of morphine must powdered opium 
contain? 

Not less than 10% nor more than 10.5%. 

How are sulphur lotum and sulphur praecipitatum pre= 
pared? 

Sulphur lotum is made by adding ammonia water to sub- 
limed sulphur and digesting three days. Then wash out the 
ammonia and dry. 

Sulphur praecipitatum is made by boiling a mixture of 
slaked lime and sublimed sulphur for one hour, frequently 
stirring, decant and filter the supernatant liquid and add 
hydrochloric acid. Collect the precipitate, wash and dry. 

Which is used in making sulphur ointment? What per 
cent of sulphur does the ointment contain? 

Sulphur sublimatum. Strength, 15 per cent. 

How much glycerin in suppositoria glycerini? 

3 Gms. in each suppository. 

Give chemical name of the substance holding the 
glycerin? 

Sodium stearate. 

How much mercury in rnassa hydrargyri? 
Not less than 32% nor more than 34%. 
How is it extinguished? 

By trituration with honey of rose. 



22 PHARMACY. 

Upon what two (2) substances does the therapeutic 
value of syrupus pruni virginianae depend? 

Hydrocyanic acid and oil of bitter almond. 

What takes place during the maceration of the above? 

In the presence of water, hydrocyanic acid is formed. 

How does alumen exsiccatum differ from alum? 

Alum is crystalline, but alumen exsiccatum is a powder 
deprived of water of crystallization by the addition of heat. 

How much can you obtain from twenty pounds of alum? 

10 lbs. 

What is the difference between a ferrous and a ferric 
salt? 

The iron of the ferrous salt has a valence of 2, while the 
ferric has 3 (two atoms with a valence of 6). 

Which of the two is contained in tinctura ferri chloridi? 

Ferric salt. 

In massa ferri carbonatis? 

Ferrous. 

How is pix liquida obtained? 

By the destructive distillation of pine wood. 

Name the official preparations of it. 

Syrupus picis liquidee, unguentum picis liquidae. 

Translate the following prescription: 

R . Extracti leptandrae Semigranum. 

Massae hydrargyri. 

Extracti hyoscyami, singularum, grana duo; 

Extracti colocynthidis compositi, ad. grana decern. 

Fiant pilulae duae Pro re nata sumantur. 

Nocte Mitte duodecim. 

R . Extract of leptandra \ grain. 

Mass of mercury. 

Extract of hyoscyamus of each 2 grains. 

Compound extract of colocynth up to 10 grains. 

Make 2 pills. 

Let them be taken at night as often as needed. Send twelve. 



PHARMACY. 23 

Criticize the following prescriptions: 

No. 1. R. Collodion Six fluid ounces. 

Tincture iodine Six fluid ounces. 

Aqua ammonia ■• Six fluid ounces. 

Mix. Sig. Apply as directed. 

The tincture of iodine would be discolored by the ammonia 
and rendered useless for external application, and the aque- 
ous solution of ammonia would not mix with the collodion 
without precipitation. The iodine would probably react with 
the ether and alcohol of the collodion, producing heat. 

Could not be dispensed as written. 

No. 2. K . Magnesium sulph Two and a half ounces. 

Spts. menth. pip One and a half fluid ounces. 

Aqua Three fluid ounces. 

Mix. Sig. One tablespoonful every 2 hours. 

Magnesium sulphate is soluble in that amount of water but 
would be precipitated by the alcohol of the spts. menth. pip., 
making an undesirable preparation. More water should be 
added and dose proportionately increased. 

Do solids ever become crystallized without becoming, 
liquefied? 

Yes. 

What are substances called that crystallize in two* 
forms? 

Dimorphous. 

In three (3) forms? 

Trimorphous. 

In more than three (3) forms? 

Polymorphous. 

How should a powder be packed in a percolator so as to 
insure its being packed uniformly? 

It should be packed in layers, each layer with the same 
pressure. 



24 PHARMACY. 

How much water must be added to a pint of a solution 
containing 37.8 per cent of a salt, to make a solution con= 
taining 10 per cent of the salt? 

2 7S / 100 pints. 

In making one (1) kilo, of a mixture composed of oil of 
sassafras 10 parts, oil of cloves 1 part, oil of cinnamon 
1 part, alcohol 3000 parts and water 1988 parts, how many 
grammes of each would it require? 

( >il sassa t'nis 21 

Oil cloves 12 

Oil cinnamon 2 

Alcohol 600 

Water 397[6 

Liquor plumbi subacetatis dilutus — give common name. 

Lead water. 

Explain why boiled distilled water is directed. 

Boiling removes any carbonic acid, which would form the 
insoluble carbonate of lead, and cause the formation of a 
cloudy solution. 

Liquor acidi arsenosi — state strength. 

Not less than 0.975% nor more than 1.025 %. 
What substance aids in solution? 

Diluted hydrochloric acid. 

Describe the principle of weight and measure accepted 

by the U. S. P. 

It is called the metric system, and has for its unit the 
meter, or the 4TrirTro""0""0"Tr part of the earth's circumference at 
the poles. The liter is the unit of capacity, being the cube of 
y-o meter, while the unit of weight is the weight of that quan- 
tity of water at 4° C. which fills the cube of y-^ meter. 
Each fraction or multiple is obtained by the use of decimals. 

What salt of iron does tincture of iron contain? 

The chloride. 



PHARMACY. 25 

What is the objection to using fine powders in making 
infusions? 

Because of the difficulty of separating the finer particles to 
make a clean infusion ; also the greater time consumed. 

Which is lime more soluble in, syrup or water? 

Syrup. 

" Why? 

Because the sugar of the syrup forms a soluble compound 
with the lime (saccharate of lime). 

Why do extracts vary in strength? 

Because of the different potencies of the drugs used. 
What objection is there to using a minim measure? 
Loss of substance in pouring out of the measure. 
What would you suggest to use in place of it? 

A graduated minim pipette. 

What effect is produced by stirring an evaporating 
liquid? 

It hastens evaporation. 

Differentiate between higher and lower forms of salts 
of iron and mercury. Give an example. 

The -lower salts of iron have a valence of 2, as FeCo 3 == 
ferrous carbonate, while the higher, or "ic" salts, have a 
valence of 3, as FeCl 3 = ferric chloride. 

The "ic" salts of mercury have a valence of 2, e. g., HgCL, 
= mercuric chloride. 

The lower salts have a valence of 1, as HgCl = mercurous 
chloride. 

Give an outline of the official process for making pills 
of phosphorus. How much phosphorus should each pill 
contain? Why are these pills coated? With what are 
they coated? 

Dissolve the phosphorus in chloroform in a test-tube with 



26 PHARMACY. 

a gentle heat. Then mix althea and acacia in a mortar, to 
which add the solution of phosphorus, and immediately a 
sufficient quantity of a mixture of glycerin and water to form 
a pill mass. Dissolve balsam of tolu in ether and shake the 
pills in this solution until coated. Then dry. 

Each pill contains 1 / 100 grain. 

They are coated to prevent oxidation of the phosphorus. 

The coating is balsam of tolu. 

Give general outline of the process for the preparation 
of a granular effervescent salt? Name two official ones. 

Powder the citric acid and mix intimately with the medic- 
inal ingredient and tartaric acid. Then incorporate the sod- 
ium bicarbonate. Place the mixed powders on a dish in an 
oven and heat moderately (200° F.). When the mixture is 
moist, rub through a sieve and dry the granules. Keep in a 
well-stoppered bottle. 

Caffeina citrata effervescens, sodii phosphas effervescens. 

Why is nitric acid used in manufacturing liquor ferri 
chloridi U. S. P.? Does the finished product contain this 
acid? Why does the finished product contain hydrochloric 
acid? 

Nitric acid is used as an oxidizing agent to change ferrous 
chloride to ferric chloride. 

It does not contain nitric acid. 

It contains hydrochloric acid to prevent the formation of 
the oxychloride. 

Give per cent of active constituent in each of the fol= 
lowing: 

(a) Tully's powder, (b) Wine of opium, (c) Oleate of 
mercury, {d) Prussic acid, (e) Syrup of iodide of iron. 
(/) Ointment of zinc oxide. 

(a) iy 2 %. • (b) 10%. (c) 25%. (d) 2%. \e) 5%. 
(/) 20%. 



PHARMACY. 27 

For interpretation, comment and criticism: 

(a) R . Sodii boras 3 jj 

Chloralis 3 j,j 

Syrupi §1 

Aquae q. s. ad. g jjj 

Misce. Sig. ^j every three hours. 

(b) K • Strych. sulph ►) Ss 

Potassii bromidi 3 jss 

Glycerini ^ ss 

Aquse q. s. ad. g jj 

Misce. Sig. ^j 3 times a day. 

(c) R. Acidi chromici ^ss 

Spt. vini. rect ^ j 

Misce. Sig. External use. 

(d) J£ . Potassii iodidi 9 j 

Liq. ferri chloridi 3 j 

Glycerini ^ jj 

M. S. External use. 

(A) The alkaline sod. borat. decomposes the chloral, form- 
ing 1 chloroform and an insoluble sod. formate. The prepara- 
tion would be useless therapeutically, and if dispensed would 
need a "shake" label. It had best not be filled. 

(B) The reaction between strych. sulph. and potassii bro- 
midi throws down the insoluble strych. bromide. As it stands, 
% grain is far too large a dose of the strychnine; also the 
two drugs are therapeutically antagonistic. It should not be 
filled as written. 

(C) This prescription would be dangerous to compound; 
because of the oxidizing power of the chromic acid on the 
alcohol, it would form an explosive compound. Water should 
be the solvent here. 

(D) Potassium iodide is incompatible with the free acid of 
the solution of ferric chloride, which would throw out the 
iodine. If dispensed, you would mix the glycerin with the 
liq. ferri chloridi and then the iodide of potassium, and use a 
"shake" label. 



28 PHARMACY. 

Name a syrup made by maceration and one by digestion. 

Maceration = syrup of wild cherry. Digestion = syrup 
of acacia. 

Outline process of each. 

In syrup wild cherry the ground drug is macerated in a 
percolator, and then exhausted by percolation with water and 
glycerin, and the sugar dissolved in the percolate by agitation. 
^ Syrup of acacia is made by adding water to the acacia and 
stirring it occasionally until dissolved. Then add sugar and 
place on water-bath and heat until it dissolves. Lastly, strain. 
What is the official title for lime water? 
Liquor calcis. 

How should it be prepared? 

Slake the lime and add water to dissolve the soluble im- 
purities. Then decant and discard the water. To the residue 
add water and filter. This is a saturated solution. 
What spirit is made by chemical reaction? 
Spiritus aetheris nitrosi. 

What is Spts. Mindererus? Give official name? How 
is it made? 

Liquor ammonii acetatis. It is an aqueous solution of am- 
monium acetate made by adding ammonium carbonate to 
diluted acetic acid and stirring until dissolved. 

How would you clean a graduate in which you had dis= 
pensed (a) castor oil? (b) Balsam of fir? 

(a) Alcohol. By washing with alcohol, then soap and 



water. 



'(b)' Ether. By washing with ether, then soap and water. 
What is a water=bath? Describe its uses and give the 
degree of temperature obtained. 

A water-bath is a capsule containing water in which is 
placed another capsule containing the article in use. Heat is 



PHARMACY. 29 

applied to the outer vessel, which in turn keeps the second 
capsule at a uniform temperature, less than the water. 

It is used in digestion or slow evaporation. Highest tem- 
perature that of boiling water, 212° F. 

(A) What are alkaloids? (B) Name five (5), giving 
their properties and uses; also drugs from which derived? 
(C) Mow obtained? 

(A) Alkaloids are basic carbonaceous amines having the 
power of uniting with acids to form salts. Mostly crystalline, 
and solid and stable. 

Properties and Uses. ' Obtained From. 

(B ) Strychnine . . Spinal stimulant and tonic . . Nux vomica. 

Morphine . . . Sedative and anodyne Opium. 

Quinine .... Tonic, antiperiodic, antimar 

larial Cinchona. 

Caffeine .... Nerve tonic, cerebral Coffee, tea, 

stimulant guarana. 

Cocaine Local anesthetic and cerebral 

stimulant • Coca. 

( C ) Obtained by extraction from the respective drugs with 
suitable solvents, then evaporating the solution and precipi- 
tating or crystallizing the alkaloid. 

Reduce five gallons of alcohol to 40 per cent alcohol, 
How much water will it take, and how many gallons will 
result? 

40% of the mixture = 5 gal. alcohol. 
60% of the mixture = iy 2 gal. water. 

100% = 12y 2 gallons finished product, not allowing for 
the small contraction in volume, which is about 5%. 

What is distillation? 

The process of vaporization and subsequent condensation 
of a volatile liquid. 



30 PHARMACY. 

Sublimation? 

The vaporization and condensation of a solid. 

Calcination? 

The process of separating volatile substances from inor- 
ganic matter, by applying heat without fusion. 

Oxidation? 

The process of the atomic combination of oxygen with any 
other element; and as a rule this raises the valence of the 
substance from a lower to a higher basis. 

Name an official product resulting from each. 

Distillation = alcohol. Sublimation = camphor. Calci- 
nation =a calx. Oxidation = liquor ferri chloridi. 

What is the dispensatory, the pharmacopoeia, the na- 
tional formulary; from what sources have they been ob- 
tained? 

The Dispensatory is a commentary on the Pharmacopoeia. 

The Pharmacopoeia is a list of medicinal substances having 
the sanction of authority. 

The National Formulary is a list of recipes of medicinal 
compounds not found in the Pharmacopoeia but which are in 
frequent use. 

The Dispensatory is written by specialists, who aim to 
comment on the entire U. S. Pharmacopoeia and also on those 
drugs official in other Pharmacopoeias, that are universally 
used. The Pharmacopoeia is written by a representative body 
of pharmacists and physicians, botanists and chemists, who 
determine what shall be admitted, and who aim to list those 
drugs in most frequent use throughout the country. The Na- 
tional Formulary is written by pharmacists (American Phar- 
maceutical Association) with a view to supplement other 
recipes to be used in the compounding room. 



PHARMACY. 



31 



Write out in Latin terms and metric system the fo!iow= 
ing prescription, and state for what purpose prescribed? 

& . Syr. wild cherry 

Syr. squills co of each 2 ounces. 

Am. mur. C. P J dram. 

Glycerin q. s. ad. ft. 6 ounces. 

M. Sig. Teaspoonful three times a day. 



B . Syrupi pruni virginianse. 

Syrupi scillse compositi . 

Ammonii chloridi C. P 

Glycerini 

M. Sig. f 3 j ter in die. 

It is used for a cough. 



aa 60 

2 

,q. s. ad. ft. 180 



Give the formula for preparing spirits camphor. 

Camphor, 100 Gm. ; alcohol, 1000 Mils. 

Give the formula for preparing tincture of opium, 
Dover's Powder, compound chalk powder. 

Tincture of Opium Dover's Powders 

Granulated opium . . 100 gm. Pdr. opium 

Alcohol. Pdr. ipecac 

Water. Sugar of milk 

Diluted alcohol of each q. s. 1000 Mils. 

Compound Chalk Powder. 
Prepared chalk 30 



Powdered acacia. 
Powdered sugar . 



A customer sends an order as follows: " Please send 
me one bottle of Harlemensis; 5 cents worth of salts; 1 
cake of Magnesia; 10 cents worth of turpentine; 4 pounds 
brimstone; 1 pint pine tar; 12 s=grain powders for fever, 
and 25 cents worth of postage stamps. Send bill with 
goods, bearer will pay you. Mrs. Mayberry." 

Make out bill and receipt same, giving^ amount of each 
article you would give, and price of same. 



32 PHARMACY. 

Mrs. Maybeery, Dr. to John Smith, Druggist. 

January 1st, 1917. 

1 bottle haarlem oil $0.10 

4 oz. Epsom salts .05 

1 oz. ca ke magnesia .05 

fi oz. spirit turpentine .10 

4 lbs. sulphur roll 25 

1 pt. pine tar 25 

*1 doz. 5 gr. quinine sulphate powders. .. . .25 

Stamps .25 

$1.30 

Received payment, (Signed) John Smith. 

By what authority are pharmacopoeias published? 

In most countries by governmental authority. In the 
United States by an elected body of pharmacists and physi- 
cians from the various colleges and associations. 

What substances are called " official " and what " non= 
official "? 

Official substances are those recognized by the Pharma- 
copoeia, while non-official are those not so recognized. 

How is the metre obtained? 

By computing the ^TnrVTnnr part of the earth's circum- 
ference at the poles. 

What is it equal to in feet and inches? 

3 feet 3% inches. 

Write and add together — 

Four grammes 4.00 

Two dekagrams 20.00 

Five decigrams 0.50 

One kilogram 1000.00 

Six centigrams 0.06 

1024.56 

*It is surmised that the druggist has had previous orders from Mrs. May- 
berry for fever powders, otherwise it would be his duty to investigate before 
sending anything. 



PHARMACY. 33 

Convert into avoirdupois ounces and grains — 

1024.56 grams 

15.4 grains = 1 gram. 



4098.24 






51228 437.5 gr. in 1 oz 


)15778.224(36 oz. 


282.24 grains. 


102456 


13125 




15778.224 grains. 


26532 
26250 






282.24 




An ounce of water at 6o degrees F. is equal to how many 


grams? 






15.4)455.7(29+ 






308 






1477 




1386 Ans. 


29 grams. 




How many mils in one liter? 




1000. 







How would you take the specific gravity of (a) glycerin, 
(b) alcohol, (c) iron? 

(a) Bring glycerin to 70° F. and fill a specific gravity 
bottle to the mark. Then weigh it. If it is a 1000-grain 
bottle it should weigh 1,246 grains, showing a specific gravity 
of 1.246. 

(b) Alcohol would be estimated the same way, always 
pointing off three places for the decimal mark. 

(c) Weigh the sample in air. Then weigh it suspended by 
a horse-hair in water, and divide the weight in air by the loss 
of weigh in water. The result is its specific gravity. 

Explain what is meant by precipitation, crystallization, 
evaporation? 

Precipitation is the act of separating solids from a solution 
by the use of heat, light, or chemical reaction. 

Crystallization is the process of forming definite shape to 
3 



34 PHARMACY. 

a substance in solution by evaporating the solvent, whereby it 
is bounded by geometric surfaces. 

Evaporation is the process of separating a volatile liquid 
from a solution by heat, the non-volatile portion being the 
object sought. 

Give percentage strength of official tincture of digitalis; 
its dose, also what precaution necessary as to age in 
selection of the herb. 

10 per cent. Average dose, 15 minims. The herb should 
be in its first or second year's growth. 

Give the official name for Rochelfe salt. 

Potassii et sodii tartras. 

Give the source of menthol. 

Oil of peppermint. 

Give the source of salicin. 

The bark of the poplar and the willow. 

Give the source of naphthalin. 

Coal tar. 

Give the common name for the compound mixture of 
glycyrrhiza. 

Brown mixture. 

Name the ingredients used in making syrup of squills 
compound. 

Fluid ext. squill, fluid ext. senega, antimony and potassium 
tartrate, sugar, purified talc, water. 

Name the ingredients used in making spirits ammonia 
arom. 

Ammonium carbonate, ammonia water, oil of lemon, oil of 
lavender flowers, oil of myristica, alcohol, distilled water. 



PHARMACY. 35 

Name the ingredients used in making compound cathar- 
tic pills. 

Compound extr. of colocynth, calomel, resin of jalap, gam- 
boge, diluted alcohol. 

Name the ingredients in a seidlitz powder and how made. 

Tartaric acid, bicarbonate of soda and roehelle salts. 
The tartaric acid is wrapped in a white paper, and the two 
other ingredients are mixed and wrapped in a blue paper. 

Name the ingredients used in making camphor liniment. 

Camphor and cotton-seed oil. 

How much cocaine would you take to make three and a 
half fluid ounces of a three per cent aqueous solution? 

47.8 grains cocaine. 

To make a pint of a one per cent solution of carbolic 
acid. How much carbolic acid would you take? 

72.91 grains carbolic acid. 

How much mercuric chloride would you take to make 
two pints of a one to two thousand (1:2000) solution? 

714 grains mercuric chloride. 

What solvent do you consider best for — 

Gum arabic — water. 

Gum mastic = alcohol. 

Gum opium = diluted alcohol. 

Cocaine alkaloid = alcohol. - 

Convert 20 degrees centigrade to Fahrenheit. 

20 deg. C. Rule: 

1.8 C.° X 1.8, then add 32 = F.°. 

36\0 
32 

68 degrees. Ans. 68 degrees F. 



36 PHARMACY. 

How many pills four (4) grs. each can be made out of a 
haJf kilogram of quinine sulphate? 

500 grams quinine sulphate. 
15.4 grs. 

2000 

25000 
500 



4)7700.0 

1925 pills. Answer. 
Name the ingredients used in making syrup iodide iron. 
Iron wire, iodine, water, syrup, diluted hypophosphorous 
acid. 

Give the official name for diachylon plaster. 
Emplastrum plumbi. 

What would you dispense if solution of persulphate of 
iron were called for? 

Liquor ferri subsulphatis, U. S. P. 

What excipient is ordinarily used in making supposi= 
tories? 

Cacao butter. 

What is the official name for black draught? 

Infusum sennae composituni. 

How much opium does a teaspoonful of laudanum) 
represent? 

Six grains. 

What objection is there to making syrups by the addi- 
tion of tinctures or fluidextracts to syrup? 

A cloudy mixture results, due to precipitation of the part 
of the drug dissolved out by the alcohol of the tincture or 
fluidextract. 



PHARMACY. 37 

What is the difference between a spirit and a tincture? 

A spirit is an alcoholic solution of a volatile substance, 
while a tincture is usually non- volatile (iodine and iron ex- 
cepted). 

What per cent of arsenic does Fowler's solution contain? 

About one per cent. 

What is Donovan's solution? 

Liquor arseni et hydrargyri iodidi. 

How many minims in one hundred cubic centimetres. 

1623. 

How much opium in ten grains Dover's powder? 

1 grain. 

What is meant by fractional distillation? 

The process of separating by distillation substances having 
different boiling-points. 

What is a menstruum? 

The liquid used to extract the soluble portions of drugs. 
What is maceration? 

The process of allowing a drug to be in contact with the 
menstruum previous to percolation. 

What is the difference between elixirs and syrups? 

Elixirs contain alcohol and but a small amount of medicine. 
Syrups do not contain alcohol, but solutions of medicinal 
substances in sugar and water, and are stronger medicinally. 

What is the difference between collodion and flexible 
collodion? 

Flexible collodion contains in addition castor oil and 
camphor. 

What should the strength of an infusion be when not 
directed by physician or pharmacopoeia? 

Five per cent. 



38 PHARMACY. 

How are decoctions made? 

By boiling the drug in water for fifteen minutes, cool, ex- 
press and strain. 

Which is official, tincture colchicum seed or tincture 
colchicum root? 

Tr. colchicum seed. 

Criticize the following prescription, telling how you 
would mix the solution and what the result in any case 
would be: 

R . Spt. aetheris nit oz. i 

Spt. nienth. pip dr i 

Tr. aconite rt gtt. ii 

Sat. sol. magnesium sulph q. s. oz. iv. 

M. Sig.— f. 3 1 t. i. d. 

The prescription would have a precipitated magnesium 
sulph., due to its insolubility in the alcohol of the spt. aetheris 
nit. The dose of tr. aconite is useless, as it is too small. Add 
the tr. aconite and spt. menth. pip. to the sp. aetheris nit. 
and put in a four-fluid-ounce bottle, filling it with sat. sol. 
magnesium sulph. Use "shake" label. It is an undesirable 
combination. 

What is the weight in grains of the apothecaries and 
avoirdupois drachm? 

Apothecaries drachm equals 60 grains. No such denomi- 
nation in the avoirdupois system of weights. 

What of the ounce. 

Apothecaries equals 480 gr. Avoirdupois equals 437.5 gr. 
What of the pound? 

Apothecaries equals 5,760 gr. Avoirdupois equals 7,000 gr. 
What of the British and United States fluid ounce? 
British, 437.5; U. S. 456.37. 



PHARMACY. 39 

What of the British and United States gallon? 

British equals 70,000 grains. United States equals 58,415% 
grains. 

What do you understand by (a) Deliquescence, (b) 
Efflorescence? 

(a) Deliquescence is the property held by some solids of 
absorbing moisture from the air. 

(b) Efflorescence is the act of giving off the water of crys- 
tallization at the ordinary temperature. 

Liniments: Define the term. Give full official title for 
each of the following: (a) Volatile liniment, (b) Carron 
oil. (c) Soap liniment, (d) Liniment of soft soap. 

Liniments are solutions of drugs in oily or alcoholic liquids 
intended for external use by rubbing. 

(a) Linimentum ammoniae. (b) Linimentum calcis. (c) 
Linimentum saponis. (d) Linimentum saponis mollis. 

How does an infusion differ from a decoction? 

The decoction is boiled fifteen minutes. The infusion is 
not boiled, but the boiling water is placed on the drug and 
cooled. 

What are fluidextracts? (b) Give average strength, 
(c) Name five official fluidextracts and give dose of each. 

(a) Fluidextracts are liquid alcoholic preparations of 
drugs made by percolation and evaporation of a portion of 
the percolate so that a given quantity of finished product 
represents a definite amount of drug. 

(b) The average strength is, one gram of drug equals one 
milliliter. 

(c) Fluidextraetum ergotae, 30 minims; fluidextractum 
cascarae sagradae, 15 minims; fluidextractum aromaticum, 
15 minims ; fluidextractum digitalis, 1 minim • fluidextractum 
rhei, 15 minims. 

Name two official spirits made by simple solution. 

Spiritus camphorae, spiritus aetheris. 



40 PHARMACY. 

Name an official spirit made by solution with maceration. 

Spiritus menthae piperitae. 

One by chemical reaction. 

Spiritus aetheris nitrosi. 

What is a pill mass? 

That soft, pliable, adhesive mass containing medicinal in- 
gredients to be made into pills. 

How much of a solution of strychnine sulphate, one in 
sixty, should be added to a i2=ounce mixture so that each 
teaspoonful would represent 1=30 gr. 

Ans. 3 drachms, 12 minims. 

How much of a triturate, one in eight, of arsenous acid 
is required to make 175 pills, pills of 1=25 gr. each? 

56 grains. 

How many tinctures are official? 

Fifty-four. 

Name the process by which each of the following tinc= 
tures are made, (a) tr. iodine, (b) tr. opium, (c) tr. 
benzoin. 

(a) Simple solution, (b) Maceration and percolation, 
(c) Maceration and filtration. 

Name a tincture with a menstruum of alcohol. 

Tinctura veratri viridis. 

Name a tincture with a menstruum of dilute alcohol. 

Tinctura arnicae. 

Name a tincture which contains (a) glycerin, (b) an 
acid, (c) arm. spts. ammonia. 

(a) Tr. cardamomi comp. (b) Tr. sanguinariae. (e) Tr. 
guaiac ammoniated. 



PHARMACY. 41 

Give process for making (a) citrine ointment, (b) 
Goulard's cerate. 

(a) Heat the lard oil and add nitric acid gradually. When 
reaction lessens, slowly apply heat until effervescence ceases. 
Cool and add the mercury dissolved in nitric acid, stirring 
with a wooden spatula until of a citrine color. Avoid metal 



(b) To the melted wool-fat in a warmed mortar gradually 
add the solution of lead subacetate and triturate. To this 
mixture add the white petrolatum and paraffine melted, and 
in which the camphor is dissolved ; mix thoroughly. 

What is the best solvent for (a) iodide of potash, (b) 
calomel, (c) sulph. morphine, (d) sulph. quinine, (e) 
sulph. strychnine? 

(a) Water, (b) Insoluble except in strong acids, (c) 
Water, (d) Alcohol, (e) Water. 

Give official name of (a) Monsell's solution, (b) Bas= 
ham's mixture, (c) Lugol's solution. 

(a) Liquor ferri subsulphatis. (b) Liquor ferri et am- 
monii acetatis. (c) Liquor iodi compositus. 

Define the term " Emulsion ". 

Emulsions are liquid preparations in which fats, oils or 
oleoresinous substances are suspended in water by the inter- 
vention of some gummy or mucilaginous substance. 

How is ammoniated mercury prepared? 

Dissolve bichloride of mercury in warmed distilled water, 
filter and pour under constant stirring into ammonia water. 
Collect and wash the precipitate, and dry. 

How much of each constituent is required to make five 
hectograms of the ointment? 

Ammoniated mercury, 50 grams; white petrolatum, 250 
grams ; hydrous wool-fat, 200 grams. 



42 PHARMACY. 

Why are some drugs packed firmly and others loosely? 

To allow a proper rate of flow in percolation so that the 
drug will be exhausted. A porous drug is packed firmly to 
prevent too rapid dropping, while a dense one is loosely 
packed to prevent clogging of the orifice. 

Define eolation. 

Colation or straining is the process of separating a solid 
from a liquid by placing the mixture on a piece of muslin, 
allowing the liquid to drain through, and retaining the solid. 

How many grams of iodine ointment can be made from 
20 grams of iodine? What other materials are required? 

500 grammes. Potassium iodide, glycerin and benzoinated 
lard. 

Describe the process of re=percolation. Name the class 
of galenicals in the preparation of which the pharma= 
copoeia authorizes the employment of this process. 

This is the process of percolating drugs with percolates. Its 
object is, saving alcohol by passing the weaker percolate from 
one portion to another portion, and again from this second to 
a third. 

It may be used in making fluidextracts. 

What is the effect of time and light upon tinctures, 
fluidextracts and essential oils? 

Age and light have little or no effect on tinctures and fluid- 
extracts, although tinctures are more permanent than fluid- 
extracts, some form of precipitates often containing active 
matter present. Essential oils are destroyed by exposure to 
light and time. Ozone develops, and they thicken and los^ 
their odor. 

How do you distinguish between fixed and volatile oils? 

Fixed oils leave a permanent stain on blotting paper. Vola- 
tile oils do not. Fixed oils are saponifiable, while volatile 
oils are not. Volatile oils are solvent for fixed oils. Ozone 



PHARMACY. 43 

develops in volatile oils by age and light, but it does not de- 
velop in fixed oils. 

Distinguish the fixed from the volatile oils in the fol= 
lowing: 

(a) Betula, volatile. 

(b) Benne, fixed. 

(c) Chenopodium, volatile. 

(d) Jecoris aselli, fixed. 

(e) Sandal wood, volatile. 

(f) Fleabane, volatile. 

(g) Neroli, volatile, 
(h) Theobroma, fixed. 
(i) Croton, fixed. 
(j) Bitter almonds, volatile. 

Name the ingredients and the process of preparing Bas- 
ham's mixture. 

Tincture ferric chloride, diluted acetic acid, solution am- 
monium acetate, aromatic elixir, glycerin, water. 

To the solution of ammonium acetate add successively 
diluted acetic acid, tincture ferric chloride, aromatic elixir, 
and glycerin ; lastly, the water. 

What chemical reaction occurs in preparing the mix= 
ture? 

The ferric chloride is changed to ferric acetate by the 
acetic acid. 

What is the weight in grains of 2 fluid ounces of ether? 

652 grains. 

Give the process for preparing liquor plumbi subace» 
talis. Why is distilled water used? 

Mix lead oxide with the solution of lead acetate and boil 
half an hour, occasionally stirring; when cool, filter and add 
distilled water up to quantity desired. Distilled water is used 
to exclude other metals in solution in ordinary water, and also 
to prevent cloudiness from carbonic acid, either of which 
would cause precipitation of a certain portion of the lead. 



44 PHARMACY. 

In making Burrow's solution two parts of lead acetate 
and one part of alum are used to eight parts of water. 
When the solutions of lead acetate and alum are mixed, a 
heavy white precipitate is formed, which is directed to be 
filtered out and rejected. What is the rejected precipitate? 

Lead sulphate. 

Why is it separated from the solution? 

Because it is inert and unsightly. 

What two salts remain in solution? 

Aluminum acetate and potassium acetate. 

What is Burrow's solution used for? 

As an f stringent lotion. 

Demonstrate by chemical equation the reaction which 
takes place between lead acetate and alum in solution. 

2Pb(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 -f- A1K(S0J 2 = 2Pb(SOJAlK(C 2 H 3 2 ) 4 . 

What class of fluid preparations U. S. P. have the de- 
finite strength of one liter of the product to one kilo of 
the drug? 

Fluidextracts. 

Give the type process of making those prepared with a 
menstruum of alcohol or a mixture of alcohol and water. 

Moisten 1000 grams of powdered drug with suitable men- 
struum and pack in a suitable percolator with enough men- 
struum to saturate and leave a layer above the drug. When 
the liquid drops, close the outlet and cover the percolator, 
and macerate a specified length of time. Then percolate with 
additional menstruum until exhausted, reserving the first 850 
Mils, and evaporate the remainder to a soft extract, which 
is dissolved in the reserved portion and menstruum added to 
make 1000 Mils. 

Name two in which acetic acid is used and for what 
purpose. 

Fluidextracts of sanguinaria and squill. It is added to 



PHARMACY. 45 

form soluble salts with their alkaloids and increase their effi- 
ciency by dissolving them. 

Name one in which ammonia water is used and for 
what purpose. 

Fluidextractum glycyrrhizae. It is used to develop the 
sweet taste by combining with the glycyrrhizin. 

Potassium acetate; state how it may be prepared. 

By adding crystals of potassium bicarbonate to acetic acid 
until effervescence ceases. Then acidulate with a few drops 
of acetic acid and evaporate to dryness cautiously in a por- 
celain dish on a sand-bath. Be careful not to use iron utensils. 

Give the Latin official name for tar. 

Pix liquida. 

Describe it pharmaceutically. 

A semi-liquid, viscid, black in color, empyreumatie odor, 
acid reaction. 

How is it prepared? 

By destructive distillation of the wood of the Pinus palus- 
tris or other species of Pinus. 

What are its medicinal properties? 

Expectorant internally, and locally stimulant. Used in 
skin diseases. 

Name the official preparations made from it. 

Syrupus picis liquidae, unguentum picis liquidae. 
Give the average dose of the following remedies. 

Diluted hydrocyanic acid 1 J M. 

Tincture of nux vomica 8 M. 

Tincture of digitalis 8 M. 

Tincture of belladonna 12 M. 

Extract of opium \ gr. 

Morphine sulphate \ gr. 

Strychnine sulphate ^ gr. 

Apomorphine hydrochloride (as expectorant) ^ gr. 

Atropine sulphate. T |, gr. 

Silver nitrate \ gr. 



46 PHARMACY. 

Write a four ounce prescription in metric terms so that 
each teaspoonful will contain approximately two grains 
of quinine sulphate, i 1=2 gr. iron phosphate, 1=30 gr. 
strychnine sulphate and 1=20 gr. arsenious acid. 



R . Quinin?e sulph 4 



Ferri phosphatis 3 1 

Strychninse sulph 065 

Arseni trioxidi 100 

Elix. aromat q. s. 120 00 

M.S. f3it. i. d. Dr. S. 

Liquor ferri chioridi; name all the materials used in its 
manufacture. 
Iron, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, distilled water. 

Name its official preparation. 

Tincture of ferric chloride. 

Criticize, comment and interpret the following: 

R. Ac. carbolic 

Sodii boratis aa 3 i 

Cocainse hydrochlor gr. xii 

Aquse ad. 3" ix 

M. Sig.— Spray. 

Answer: In this prescription we have the precipitation of 
the cocaine by the action of the sodium borate, which would 
make it impossible to spray without filtering it out of the 
preparation. 

R. Antipyrin 7)i 

Morphine sulph gr. 16 

Syr. tolu 3 iv 

Spt. setheris nitrosi jj ii 

Syr. pruni virg ad • ^ ii 

M. Sig. f 3 1 ev. 2 hours. 
The dose of morphine here is one grain, which is far too 
much. The action of the antipyrin on spt. etheris nitrosi 
causes a green color, due to the formation of iso-nitroso-anti- 
pyrin. 



PHARMACY. 47 

R . Hydrarg. chlorid gr. ii 

Tr. cinchonse comp ^ iii 

Spt. amnion, aromat 3 i 

It is indefinite which chloride of mercury is wanted, mild 
or corrosive. There is no dose appended and no direction, 
and should not be dispensed for this reason alone. Then if 
the bichloride is used, which is reasonable, it means precipi- 
tation of the cinchona alkaloids. The alkaline spt. ammon. 
aromat. decomposes the mercury salt, forming calomel in the 
presence of light. 

R . Menthol gr. xv 

Camphor gr. x 

Pulv. talcum. 3 i 

Pulv. acacia 5 iii 

Misce secundem artem. 

Sig. — Coryza powder. Use as directed. 

It is well known that a mixture of menthol and camphor 
will form a liquid; how would you compound the above 
without such an undesirable result? 

Mix the talcum and acacia, and then mix the menthol with 
half, and the camphor with the other half, and then mix 
the two. 

What is the meaning of secundem artem? 

According to art. 

Give a working formula for making 8 fluid ounces of 
emulsion of castor oil with acacia, containing 50 per cent 
of oil, a sufficient quantity of aromatics and sweetening 
material to make it palatable. 

R . 01. ricini % iv 

Pulv. acacia? 3 j 

Aqua; cinnamoni 3; ii 

01 gaultherise 5 ss 

Syrupi S ii 

M. Ft. emulsio. 



48 PHARMACY. 

Give a working formula for making one pint of emul* 
sion of cod liver oil with glycerite of yolk of egg to con= 
tain 50 per cent of oil, 12 1=2 per cent of Jamaica rum and 
sufficient aromatics and sweetening to make it palatable. 

R . Olei morrhua; 3 viii 

Glyceriti vitelli 3 iv 

Jamaica rum 3 u 

01. gaultkerise 3 i 

Syrupi : 3 " 

M. Ft. emulsio. 

How would you prepare this prescription? 

R . Calomelan 1 

Saccharum 5 

D. tal dos. No. 2. 

Sig. — Take as directed. 

Triturate the calomel well with a small amount of sugar. 
Gradually add the remainder of the sugar and continue tri- 
turating until well mixed, and send two of such powders. 

Give the official Latin name for the first ingredient. 

Hydrargyri chloridum mite. 

Give one common name by which the first ingredient 
in this prescription is known in the arts? 

t£ . Hydrargyri sulphureti rubri 10 

Sulfur sublimati 24 

Petrolati 75 

M. fiat ungt. ds. Use locally. 

Vermillion. 

Give official Latin name for the second ingredient. 

Sulphur sublimatum. 

Write in words the quantities of each ingredient pre- 
scribed. 

Hydrargyri sulphureti rubri, one gramme ; sulfur sublimati, 
twenty-four grammes; petrolati, seventy-five grammes. 



PHARMACY. 49 

What sized jar will hold the ointment? 

Four ounces. 

What charge would you make for dispensing this pre= 
scription? 

Fifty cents. 

How should phosphorus be kept and why? 

Under water to prevent oxidation. 

How should bromine be kept and why? 

In glass-stoppered bottles in a cool place, to prevent evap- 
oration. 

How should iodine be kept and why? 

In glass-stoppered bottles in a cool place, to prevent evap- 
oration. 

Why are pills of ferrous iodide directed to be coated 
with balsam of tolu by the U. S. P.? 

To prevent oxidation. 

Why are pills of phosphorus directed to be coated in a 
like manner? 

To prevent oxidation. 

Why does the pharmacopoeia (in its formula for troches 
of potassium chlorate) direct that the sugar and the tra= 
gacanth shall be triturated together and then transferred 
to a sheet of paper and by means of a bone spatula mixed 
with the powdered potassium chlorate? 

To prevent possible explosion from oxidation of the potas- 
sium chlorate. 

Why should troches of santonin be kept in dark amber= 
colored bottles? 

The santonin is liable to discolor in free air, and also it 
may oxidize in the presence of light, and these means prevent 
this trouble. 

4 



50 PHARMACY. 

Why should a wood or porcelain spatula be used in mak= 
ing sodium salicylate or its solution, and why is glass wool 
preferred to ordinary filter paper for filtering a solution 
of the sodium salicylate? 

The slightest amount of iron will discolor the product, and 
the impurities in ordinary filter paper make it unfit for this 
purpose. 

Why should resordn be kept in dark amber=colored 
bottles? 

It darkens in sunlight. 

With what substances are pills usually coated in order 
to congeal odor and taste? 

Sugar, chocolate, gelatin, silver leaf, salol, etc. 
What is pearl coating and how is it done? 

French chalk is used in this case by placing pills moistened 
with an adhesive mixture in a box with a little sugar and 
French chalk, and rotating until coated. 

Describe the process for silver and gold coating. 

Place a drop of syrup acacia in a mortar and smear well 
with the finger. Now drop in pills and rotate until the sur- 
face is completely covered ; then drop them in the coater con- 
taining the gold or silver leaf and again rotate until covered. 

Why are some pills coated with keratin, salol, or shellac, 
and how is it done? 

This is done to prevent solution in the stomach when the 
pill is intended for its action in the intestines. The finished 
pill is rotated in a mortar with melted salol or solution of 
keratin until coated, then dried in air and cooled. 

Are pills improved by being coated? 

Yes. 

The U. S. P. gives seven formulas for pills only two 



PHARMACY. 51 

of which it directs shall be coated; state the two excep- 
tions, state how they are coated and why. 

Pilulae ferri iodidi and pilulae phosphori. These pills are 
shaken in an ethereal solution of balsam of tolu until uni- 
formly coated and then dried. To prevent oxidation. 

Give the unabbreviated Latin name for the following 
preparations: 

Blaud's Pills, Pilulae ferri carbonatis. 

Citrine Ointment, Unguentum hydrargyri nitratis. 

Brown Mixture, Mistura glycyrrhizae composita. 

James' Powder, Pulvis antimonialis. 

Pulvis Purgans, Pulvis jalapae compositus. 

Monsell's Solution, Liquor ferri subsulphatis. 

Gregory's Powder, Pulvis rhei compositus. 

Give the Latin name and a description of the following: 
(a) draught, (b) drops, (c) lotion, (d) eye=water, (e) spray. 

(a) Haustus. An aqueous mixture of drugs to be taken at 
one dose. 

(b) Guttae. A solution of substances to be used in drop 
doses. Usually as an eye-water. 

(c) Lotio. An aqueous or semi-alcoholic mixture for ex- 
ternal use. 

(d) Aqua ophthalmicus. An aqueous solution of substances 
intended for local use in the eye. The term collyrium is also 
used. 

(e) Liquor vaporosus. An aqueous or oily solution of 
medicinal substances intended for use in a nebulizer or atom- 
izer. 

What is an emulsifying agent? 

That substance used to suspend the oil in the mixture. 
Name some of the more prominent emulsifiers. 
Acacia, yolk of egg, chondrus. 

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using 
condensed milk and yolk of egg as emulsifiers? 

These are natural emulsions, and have the advantage of 



52 PHARMACY. 

more readily forming emulsions of oils as they act as a nucleus. 
The disadvantage is that they are readily decomposed and 
tend to spoil the emulsion. 

Name four official emulsions giving their emulsifying 
agents, where any are used, and give a reason for not 
using a special emulsifier in others. 

Emulsum amygdalae, asafcetidae, olei niorrhuae, olei tere- 
binthinae. The emulsifier in emulsum amygdalae is acacia; 
in emulsum olei terebinthinae is expressed oil of almond and 
tragacanth. There is no emulsifier used for emulsum asa- 
fcetidae, because the water unites with the gum already pres- 
ent and forms the emulsion. The emulsifier in emulsum olei 
morrhuae is acacia. 

The following Latin abbreviations are frequently used 
in writing prescriptions. Write them out in full and trans= 
late them into English. 

(1) aa: ana: of each. 

(2) abs. feb. : absente febre: in the absence of fever. 

(3) ad hib. : adhibendus: to be administered. 

(4) ad lib.: ad libitum:, at pleasure. 

(5) aq. bull.: aqua bulliens: boiling water. 

(6) ft. haust. : fiat haustus: make a draught. 

(7) ft. emp. vesc. : fiat emplastrum vesicatorum: to make 

a blister. 

(8) omn.hor. : omnihora: every hour. 

(9) part aeq. : partes' aequales : equal parts. 
(10) pro r. n. : pro re nata: occasionally. 

Give the important solid constituents of healthy human 
urine. 

Urea, uric acid, sulphates, phosphates, chlorides. 

What is the average daily quantity passed by a healthy 
adult? 

1500 Mils. 



PHARMACY. 53 

What quantity of total solids does that represent? 

1000 grains. 

If the quantity of urine passed in 24 hours is much in 
excess of the average daily amount passed in health, what 
would you suspect and look for? 

Drinking large amounts of fluid, or diabetes, or hysteria. 

If considerably less than normal, what would you sus« 
pect and look for? 

Free sweat, diarrhoea, abstinence of drinking fluids, Bright 's 
Disease, retention, obstruction, cirrhosis of the liver. 

Give specific gravity of healthy urine. 

Ans. 1.020. 

Urine containing sugar? 

Ans. 1.050. 

Urine containing albumen? 

Ans. 1.004. 

Give one or more qualitative tests for the presence of 
either sugar or albumen. 

Albumen test: Heat the sample acidified with nitric acid. 
If a precipitate forms, insoiuble in excess, positive. 

Sugar test: Boil the urine with Fehling's Solution (alka- 
line cupric tartrate). If a red coloration and precipitation 
of oxide is produced, the sugar is present. 

Translate this prescription into English, giving the 
weight of the ingredients in grains. If you were about 
to prepare this prescription with metric weights and the 
smallest weight you had was that of the ten milligrams, 
how would you proceed to obtain the required amount of 
colchicin for the prescription? 

& . Colchicine 0005 

Natri salicylati 0.6 

M. ft. pulvis, tales doses, No. xv. 

Sig. One powder three times a day. Dr. C . . . . 



54 PHARMACY. 



Answer : 



Be . Colchicine T ys gr. 

Sodium salicylate 9|- gr. 

Mix and make xv powders of such dose. 

Sig. — One powder three times a day. Dr. C- • • • 

I would weigh the ten milligrams and with a spatula sep- 
arate one-fourth of that, and use the other three-fourths, or 
7.5 milligrams, which is the quantity required for the fifteen 
doses. 

Give the full Latin names and give the ingredients of 
each of the following: (i) Javelle water. (2) Labar= 
raque's Solution. (3) Yellow wash. (4) Black wash. (5) 
Lugol's Solution. 

(1) Liquor potassae chlorinatae, potassium carbonate, 
chlorinated lime, water. 

(2) Liquor sodae chlorinatae, monohydrated sodium car- 
bonate, chlorinated lime, water. 

(3) Lotio flava, bichloride of mercury, boiling water, lime 
water. 

(4) Lotio nigra, calomel, water, lime water. 

(5) Liquor iodi compositus, iodine, potassium iodide, dis- 
tilled water. 

How is the glycerite of boroglycerin prepared? 

Heat glycerin, and add the boric acid in several portions, 
stirring constantly. When all is added, continue to heat, 
stirring to break the film that forms. When reduced to the 
proper weight add glycerin and mix. 

What per cent of boroglyceride does it contain? 

Fifty per cent. 
Describe boroglyceride. 

It is in semi-transparent, flat pieces, smooth to the touch, 
soluble in water and glycerin. 



PHARMACY. 55 

How is boroglyceride prepared? 

Heat glycerin and add the boric acid gradually under con- 
stant stirring. When reduced to the proper weight, it is 
poured on a slab having a small portion of petrolatum on it, 
allowed to cool and cut in pieces. 

What are its therapeutic properties? 

Boroglyceride is used only to make the boroglycerin. Anti- 
septic and astringent. 

R. L. &0 gvi 

Sig. — Poison. Use as directed. Dr. O . . • . 

How would you dispense the above prescription and 
what precaution would you take? 

Add an ounce each of tinctura opii and liq. plumhi subace- 
tatis dilutus to enough water to make a pint. It should be 
labeled "shake". 

B . Ungt. kali iodidi 10 p. c. 

Ungt. ichthyoli. 10 p. c. 

Ungt. natri salicyl 10 p. c. ana § ss. 

Misce fiat ungt. Sig. — For external use. Dr. B 

State how you would prepare this prescription. Trans= 
late all into English and give all the component parts in 
grains. 

Answer : 

R . Ointment potassium iodide 10 % 

Ointment ichthyol 10 % 

Ointment sodium salicylate 10 % of each 3 ss. 

Mix and make ointment of proper consistence. For external use. 

Dr. B.-.. 
Take 24 grs. Potassium Iodide and T 4 ff gr. Potassium Carb. dissolved in 24 
gtt. water and incorporate with benzoinated Lard, q. s. § ss. Take 24 gr. 
Ichthyol and incorporate with Petrolatum, q. s. 5 ss Take 24 gr. Sodium 
Salicylate and incorporate with Petrolatum, q. s. gss. Lastly, thoroughly 
mix all three. 

From what and how is glycerin made? 
From fats by decomposition. 



56 PHARMACY. 

Briefly describe its physical properties. 

A clear, colorless, syrupy liquid, rather thick, and smooth 
to the touch. It is sweet and odorless. 

What adulterations and impurities may be found in it? 

Mineral impurities, sugars and sulphuric acid. 

Give some tests for its purity. 

Its specific gravity should he not below 1.249 at 25° C. 
Heat to boiling on a foil of platinum, then ignite ; it should 
leave only a stain, no ash, and should completely disappear 
on further heating. This shows the absence of metals. Bar- 
ium chloride t. s. should form no precipitate, showing the 
absence of sulphates or sulphuric acid. 

Give its specific gravity. 

1.249 at 25° C. 

Why is glycerin used in some fluidextracts and not in 
others, and why is it frequently incorporated with solid 
extracts? 

Because glycerin is found to dissolve the active ingredients 
of some drugs better than either alcohol alone or other men- 
strua, and it prevents precipitation of certain constituents, 
especially tannic acid. It is added to solid extracts to pre- 
vent drying, on account of its hygroscopic powers. 

What is spiritus glycerylis nitratis? 

An alcoholic solution of one per cent glyceryl trinitrate. 

What percentage of glonoin does it contain? 

One per cent. 

What is the adult dose? 

One minim. 

Give therapeutic properties. 

It is an antispasmodic and vasodilator. 

How would you prepare the following prescription, and 



PHARMACY. 57 

what necessary precaution would you take in compound^ 
ing the same? 

& . Scale pepsin 3 iii 

Pancreatin g iss 

Spirit glonoini ... mxxiv 

Tinctui'Ee nucis vomicae 3 iv 

Ammonii chloridi - 3 i 

Spirit Ammonise arom 3 i 

Aquae dest 3 vi 

Elixir calisayse q. s. ad. 5 vi 

Mds. — A teaspoonful in water three times a day before eating. 

Doctor F 

Mix all the liquids except the water. Triturate the pepsin 
and water and add the other liquids. Then mix the pancrea- 
tin and ammonium chloride. The mixture should be dis- 
pensed with a "shake" label, as the alkaloids of the tincture 
of nux vomica would be precipitated, and the pepsin also, by 
the ammonium chloride. 

Criticize the following prescription: 

R . Sodii salicylat. 

Quininse sulphatis ana gr. xx 

Syrupi zingiberis 3 ii. 

Mds. — 5i ev - 3 hours. 

A chemical reaction forms quinine salicylate and sodium 
sulphate. The quinine salt is only partly soluble in the syrup 
and the remainder precipitates. The dose of the sodium sali- 
cylate is too small to be effective, and when changed to sul- 
phate defeats its object. 

Criticize the following prescription: 

B. • Tincturae opii. 3 ii 

Mistura cretse q. s. ad. § ii 

Mds. — 3 i after each bowel movement. 

The prescription needs a "shake" label and is correctly 
written, but the directions are at fault, as it is dangerous to 
give that dose of the tincture of opium with such freedom 



58 PHARMACY. 

The prescriber has no idea of the quantity that may be taken. 
It had better be written "until effect desired". 

In making a saturated aqueous solution of the follow= 
ing salts, how much of the salt is necessary to make one 
troy ounce of each by weight: (i) Boric acid, (2) Car= 
bolic acid, (3) Potassium chlorate, (4) Potassium iodide, 
(5) Sodium bromide? 

Answer: (1) 26 grs. (2) 24 grs. (3) 28 grs. (4) 285 
grs. (5) 180 grs. 

State how much hydrochloride of cocaine would be 
necessary to make one ounce troy (by weight) of the 
following aqueous percentage solutions of same: (1) A 
2% solution. (2) A 3% solution. (3) A 4% solution. (4) 
A 5% solution. 

Answer: (1) 9.6 gr. (2) 14.4 gr. (3) 19.2 gr. (4) 24 gr. 

How would you proceed to make an oleaginous solution 
of cocaine (castor oil)? 

Powder the cocaine and triturate in a warm mortar with a 
small amount of the oil, and, lastly, add the remainder. 

How much cocaine would be required to make a five per 
cent solution weighing one ounce troy? 

24 grains. 

Give the formula for making nitrohydrochloric acid. 

One volume nitric acid and four and a half volumes hydro- 
chloric acid, mix and stand in an open vessel until effer- 
vescence ceases. 

Why is it frequently called aqua regia? 

Because of its property of dissolving gold, the king of 
metals. 

Why is it directed to be kept in glass=>stoppered bottles, 
and then only half filled? 

It would decompose any other stopper and absorb moisture. 



PHARMACY. 59 

If half filled, a certain amount of reaction may go on without 
danger from accumulated gases. 

Give the formula for making the diluted nitrohydro= 
chloric acid. 

1 volume nitric acid, 41/2 volumes hydrochloric acid, 19 y 2 
volumes distilled water. The pharmacopoeia directs both 
acids to be mixed first before adding the water. 

Why not add the nitric acid to the water and dilute the 
hydrochloric acid with the remainder, and then mix the 
two together? 

There would be no chemical reaction if the acids were pre- 
viously diluted, and hence no nitrohydrochloric acid formed. 
The product would be simply a mixture of diluted nitric acid 
and diluted hydrochloric acid. 

Why is ammonia used in the manufacture of fluidextract 
of licorice? 

To extract the glycyrrhizin. 

Why is solution of potassium hydroxide used in making 
fluidextract of senna? 

To prevent precipitation of pectin which would gelatinize 
the preparation. 

Give a reason for not making an infusion by diluting a 
fluidextract with water. 

Water would precipitate the part of the drug extracted by 
the alcohol in the fluidextract menstruum, and the precipitate 
contains active matter. 

State why infusions are generally incompatible with 
metallic and alkaloidal salts. 

The acids of the drug, like tannic acid, would react with 
these substances, causing decomposition. Also the metallic 
salts would precipitate ingredients dissolved by the hot water. 



60 PHARMACY. 

In making solution of ammonium acetate it is directed 
that only translucent pieces of carbonate of ammonia be 
used. Why is this required? 

If it is not translucent, it denotes the formation of bicar- 
bonate from the action of moisture in air on the carbonate, 
and the preparation is then less active. 

Give the reason why the solution of ammonium acetate 
should be made fresh when wanted. 

Because the free carbonic acid present in the fresh solu- 
tion is a desirable constituent and would not be present in 
the old preparation. 

Why should the container be left unstoppered for a 
while after making it? 

To allow excess of carbonic acid to escape. 

Why does the solution of ammonium acetate produce) 
precipitates with metallic and alkaloidal salts? 

It is a feeble combination of acetic acid and ammonium, 
and readily decomposes, setting free acetic acid and ammo- 
nium hydroxide, which combines with the acid radical of the 
salts. 

In making Basham's Mixture a precipitate is sometimes 
formed on adding the tincture of iron; what is the cause 
of this? 

Because the acetic acid was not in excess and allowed the 
formation of hydroxide of iron instead of acetate. 

What terms are used to describe the effect of exposure 
to the air on carbonate of soda and acetate of potash? 

Deliquescence to acetate of potash, effervescence to carbon- 
ate of soda. 

What is the difference between emulsification and sa- 
ponification? 

Emulsification is a physical change enveloping oils in solu- 
tions of gums whereby the oil disappears; while in saponi- 



PHARMACY. 61 

fieation there is a chemical reaction in which, the oil or fat 
unites with the alkali to form a soap. 

What is the difference between distillation and sub= 
limation? 

Distillation is used in reference to liquids and sublimation 
in reference to solids, otherwise they are identical processes. 

Give the ingredients of the following preparations: (i) 
Tr. cinchona co. (2) Soap liniment. (3) Aromatic spirits 
of ammonia. (4) Tr. gambir comp. (5) Infusion of digi= 
talis. (6) Fowler's Solution. 

(1) Eed cinchona, bitter orange peel, serpentaria, glycerin, 
alcohol, water. 

(2) Soap, camphor, oil of rosemary, alcohol, water. 

(3) Ammonium carbonate, ammonia water, oil lemon, oil 
lavender flowers, oil of myristica, alcohol, distilled water. 

(4) Gambir, saigon cinnamon, diluted alcohol. 

(5) Digitalis, cinnamon water, boiling water, cold water, 
alcohol. 

(6) Arsenic trioxide, potassium bicarbonate, compound tr. 
lavender, distilled water. 

What are the percentage strengths of the following: (1) 
4.5 grains to 1 fl. oz. (2) 9.6 grains to 1 oz. (3) 350 grains 
to 1 lb. avd.? 

Answer: (1) 1%. (2) 2%. (3) 5%. 

How many minims would equal 100 drops of each of 
the following: Water, tr. aconite, chloroform, tr. opium? 

Answer : Water equals 100. Tr. aconite equals 40. Chlor- 
oform equals 24. Tr. opium equals 46. 

How many grains of sulph. morphine in a 1=8 oz. bottle? 

54.7 grains. 

How are syrups of ipecac, rhubarb and squills prepared? 

Syrup of ipecac is made by diluting fluidextract of ipecac 



62 PHARMACY. 

with water and acetic acid. Allow to stand 24 hours and 
filter. Then add glycerin and sugar and strain. 

Syrup of rhubarb is made by mixing fiuidextract of rhubarb 
and spirit of cinnamon. Now add the potassium carbonate 
previously dissolved in the water, and, lastly, the syrup to 
make the desired quantity. 

Syrup of squill is prepared by dissolving the sugar in 
vinegar of squill with a gentle heat, strain, and when cool 
add water to make the desired quantity. 

How is collodium prepared? 

Add ether to pyroxylin and allow to stand fifteen minutes. 
Then add the alcohol and shake the bottle until the pyroxylin 
is dissolved. Set the bottle aside till clear and decant the 
clear portion, rejecting the sediment. 

What are the two collodions prepared from it? 

Collodium cantharidatum and collodium flexile. 

Pepsinum: state its (a) official source, (b) solubility, 
(c) digestive powers. 

(a) Fresh stomach of the hog. 

(b) Soluble in fifty parts of water. More soluble if water 
is acidulated with hydrochloric acid. Insoluble in alcohol, 
ether, chloroform, but soluble in glycerin. 

(c) Can digest three thousand times its weight of freshly 
coagulated and disintegrated egg albumen. 

Pancreatin: state (a) its official source, (b) its soIu= 
bility. 

(a) Fresh pancreas of the hog or ox. 

(b) Soluble in water slowly, but contains ten per cent sub- 
stances insoluble in this medium. More soluble if alkaline. 
Insoluble in alcohol. 

Liquor cafcis: (a) state common name, (b) substance in 
solution, (c) official method of maintaining strength. 

(a) Lime water. 



PHARMACY. 63 

(b) Calcium hydroxide. 

(c) The strength is maintained by keeping an excess of 
calcium hydroxide in the bottle, and decanting the clear liquid 
when required for use. 

Mistura cretae: State (a) ingredients, (b) official direc= 
tions to secure dispensing unfermented product. 

(a) Compound chalk powder, cinnamon water, water. 

(b) This preparation should be freshly made when wanted. 

Compound the following: 

R . Potassium iodide Gr. xxx 

Sodium hyposulphite Gr. iii 

Water, q. s. 

Benzoinated lard q. s. 3 iv 

Mix and make an ointment. 

Compound the following: 

R . Hydrargyri iod. rub 50 Gm. 

Amyli 4 00 Gm. 

Zinci oxidi 2 00 Gm. 

Misce. Sig. — Dusting powder. 



R . Chloroform 4 

Exp. oil almonds 6 

Tragacanth 1 

Water q. s. 100 

Mix. 



Mils. 
Mils. 
5Gm. 

Mils. 



This makes an emulsion of chloroform corresponding to 
U. S. P. except slight excess of tragacanth. 

Define the term incompatible as applied in pharmacy. 
Name the different kinds of incompatibility and give an 
example of each. 

Incompatibility is the term used to express the effects pro- 
duced in pharmaceutical mixtures when two or more sub- 
stances are mixed or combined, resulting either in a chemical 
reaction, physical difference, incomplete solution, or thera- 
peutic opposition. There are three kinds, namely: chemical, 
physical, and therapeutic. E. g., 



64 PHARMACY. 

Chemical — 

K . Plunibi acetat 5 " 

Zinci sulphat Gr. xv 

Aq 5 iv. 

M. 

Physical — 

R. Camphora? 3 s8 

Menthol 3 ss 

Talcum 3 ii. 

M. ft Pulv. 

Therapeutic — 

& . Morph. sulph gr. ii 

Strychnin, sulph \ gr. 

M. ft. cap. No. x. 

Define (a) elutriation, (b) diluent, (c) fusion. Give an 
example of each. 

(a) The process of obtaining a fine powder by suspending 
an insoluble powder in water and allowing the heavier par- 
ticles to subside, "and decanting the liquid containing the finer 
particles and allowing it to stand. Collect and dry the pre- 
cipitate. Example, prepared chalk. 

(b) The diluent is an inert powder added to a powder to 
increase its bulk, as sugar of milk added to calomel. 

(c) Fusion is the process of liquefying solids, by the ap- 
plication of heat, without the use of a solvent. Example, 
melting wax. 

Name three liniments containing camphor and three 
containing a volatile oil. 

(a) Linimentum belladonnae, linimentum camphorae, lini- 
mentum saponis. (b) Linimentum saponis, linimentum sa- 
ponis mollis, linimentum terebinthinae. 

Name an official diluted acid, the strength of which is 
not less than 1.9% nor more than 2.1%. 

Acidum hydrocyanicum dilutum. 



PHARMACY. 65 

Give an official method for its preparation. 

Mix diluted hydrochloric acid with distilled water, add 
silver cyanide, and shake in a glass-stoppered bottle. Allow 
the precipitate to subside and decant the clear liquid. 

Name all the constituents in Lugol's Solution. 

Iodine, potassium iodide, distilled water. 

State in what essential particular it differs fromi 
Churchill's Tincture. 

In that Churchill's Tincture contains alcohol as the solvent 
instead of water. 

State how its decolorization may be accomplished. 

By the addition of aqua ammonia or sodium hyposulphite. 

Give a brief description of the process employed in de= 
tannating tincture of cinchona. 

Prepare fresh ferric hydrate by adding ammonia water to 
solution of ferric sulphate. Wash well with water. Then 
drain off the wash water. Mix fluidextract of cinchona and 
alcohol and add this ferric hydrate. Agitate frequently until 
this tincture is deprived of tannic acid, ascertain by the 
absence of a black color on adding a few drops of tr. ferric 
chloride to a sample. Now pour the mixture into a perco- 
lator and add diluted alcohol to make 1000 Mils. 

How does a medicated water differ from (a) a spirit, 
(b) a liquor? 

(a) A spirit contains alcohol but the water does not. 

(b) A liquor is a solution in water of a non- volatile sub- 
stance while the water is a solution of a volatile substance. 

Give two methods for preparing medicated waters. 

Distillation and simple solution. 

Name an excipient and diluent suitable for the manu- 
facture of potassium permanganate pills. 

Cacao butter and potter's clay. 

5 



66 PHARMACY. 

What menstruum is used in preparing fluidextract of 
sarsaparilla. 

Diluted alcohol. 

Give the specific gravity of (a) alcohol, (b) glycerin, 
(c) mercury. 

(a) equals .816. (b) equals 1.249. (c) equals 13.5. 

Write a prescription in the metric system for a three 
ounce emulsion of ol. ricini. 

JJ. Oleum ricini 45 

Acacise. 12|0 

Aqure q. s. 90i0 

M. ft. Eaiulsio. 

When oil of bitter almond contains a precipitate what 
is it? Give the cause. 

It is cyanhydrin, caused by the union of benzaldehyde and 
hydrocyanic acid in old specimens. 

Give method of preparing tincture of digitalis. Dose 
and percentage of drug it should contain. 

Moisten the digitalis in No. 60 powder with diluted alcohol 
and place in a percolator without pressing. Allow it to stand 
six hours, then pack firmly, add menstruum to saturate the 
powder, and leave a layer above the powder. When the liquid 
begins to drop, close the lower orifice and macerate 24 hours. 
Cover the percolator closely. Then percolate slowly until 
1000 Mils, are obtained. The dose is 8 minims, and it should 
contain 10% of the drug. 

How much prepared chalk will be needed to prepare 
two ounces mistura cretae? What other ingredients en- 
ter into it? 

182 grains. Cinnamon water, water, sugar, and acacia. 

Classify the following fluidextracts with reference to the 
alcoholic strength of their menstrua: (a) F. aconiti. (b) 
F. ipecac, (c) F. nucis vomicae, (d) F. scillae. (e) F. 
senegae. 



PHARMACY. 67 

Answer: (a, b, c) Alcohol three parts, water one part. 

(d) Acetic acid and water make the menstruum; no alcohol. 

(e) Alcohol two, water one. 

What is calamine? 
Impure zinc carbonate. 

Name the ingredients and manner of preparation of each 
of the following well known preparations: 

(1) Infusum digitalis. (2) Spiritus ammoniae aromaticus. 
(3) Mistura glycyrrhizae composita. (4) Tinctura gambir 
composita. (5) Unguentum aquae rosae. 

Answer: (1) Digitalis, alcohol, cinnamon water, boiling 
water. 

Pour boiling water on the digitalis in a suitable vessel and 
macerate one hour. Strain and add the alcohol and cinnamon 
water and enough cold water to make 1000 Mils. 

(2) Ammonium carbonate, ammonia water, oil of lemon, 
oil of lavender flowers, oil of myristica, alcohol, distilled water. 

Dissolve the ammonium carbonate in a mixture of distilled 
water and ammonia water by agitation. Allow to stand 12 
hours and add gradually to the alcohol containing the oils and 
distilled water to make 1000 Mils. After 24 hours, filter. 

(3) Pure extract of glycyrrhiza, syrup, acacia, camphor- 
ated tr. opium, antimony and potassium tartrate, spt. of 
nitrous ether, water. 

Rub the extract of glycyrrhiza and acacia in a mortar with 
water until dissolved and transfer to a graduated bottle, add 
the antimony and potass, tartrate dissolved in hot water, 
then the other ingredients. Rinse the mortar with water to 
make 1000 Mils. 

(4) Gambir, saigon cinnamon, diluted alcohol. 
Macerate the two drugs in a warm place in a stoppered 

container with diluted alcohol during 48 hours. Agitate fre- 
quently and filter. Add enough diluted alcohol on the residue 
in the filter to make 1000 Mils. 






68 PHARMACY. 

(5) Spermaceti, white wax, expressed oil almond, sodium 
borate, stronger rose water. 

Reduce the white wax and spermaceti to fine shavings and 
melt at a moderate heat. Add the expressed oil of almond 
and continue heat until uniform. Then gradually add the 
stronger rose water previously warmed and in which sodium 
borate is dissolved, and stir rapidly and continuously until 
the mixture is congealed. 

Emulsion: Copy the following formula, adding a proper 
quantity of each ingredient to make eight fluid=ounces of 
fifty per cent emulsion of codliver oil, each tabJespoonful 
to contain four grains each of the salts mentioned: Also 
state how you would proceed to make the emulsion. 

R. Cod-liver oil. 
Sugar. 

Powd. acacia. 
Calcium hypophosphite. 
Sodium hypophosphite. 
Oil of sassafras. 
Oil of wintergreen. 
Water. 

Answer : 

R. 01. morrhuae g iv 

Acaciae 3 i 

Sacchari ^ ss 

Calcii hypophos. 

Sodii hypophos aa gr. lxiv 

01. sassafras. 

01. gaultheriae aa gtt. ix 

A quae q. s. J viii. 

M. Ft. Emulsio et Sig. f5 ss t. i. d. 

Put the oil in a warmed mortar and add the acacia; when 
made uniform by trituration, add 2 oz. water all at once and 
stir rapidly until emulsified. The salts and sugar are previ- 
ously dissolved in the water. Add the remaining water and 
stir until uniform. Lastly, stir the oils in gently so as not 
to emulsifv them. 



PHARMACY. 69 

If moist opium containing 10 1=2 per cent morphine loses 
30 per cent of its weight by drying what percentage of 
morphine will it contain when dry? 

15%. 

Give the adult dose of the following substances: (a) 
Fowler's Solution, (b) oil of savin, (c) santonin, (d) 
strychnine, (e) kino. 

(a) 2 to 5 minims, (b) 2 to 5 minims, (c) 1 to 4 grs. 
(d) V 60 gr. (e) 10 to 30 grs. 

Name the ingredients and proportion of each used in 
preparing compound powder of jalap. 

Powdered jalap, 35 parts ; potassium bitartrate, 65 parts. 

Tinctures: (a) Define the term, (b) name three pro= 
cesses by means of which tinctures are prepared, (c) give 
alkaloidal strength of tincture of nux vomica, (d) give 
strength of each of the following: Tincture of iodine, tinc- 
ture of digitalis, tincture of opium, tincture of aconite: 

(a) Tinctures are alcoholic solutions of medicinal sub- 
stances. 

(b) Percolation, simple solution, maceration. 

(c) One-tenth per cent strychnine. 

(d) Tincture of iodine, 7%; tincture of digitalis, 10%; 
tincture of opium, 10% ; tincture of aconite, 10%. 

State the difference between Labarraque's Solution 
and Javelle water. Which is official? 

Labarraque 's Solution is solution of chlorinated soda, while 
Javelle Water is solution of chlorinated potash. Labarraque's 
Solution is official. 

Give details of pharmacopoeial method of preparing deo-= 
dorized tincture of opium. How many grains of morphine 
(maximum) are contained in fifty mils of this tincture? 

(a) Pour boiling water on granulated opium and stir fre- 
quently during twenty-four hours. Put in a percolator and 



70 PHARMACY. 

return the first percolate until it runs clear, and when it ceases 
to drop continue percolation with water until exhausted. 
Concentrate on a water-bath and mix with purified petroleum 
benzin by shaking for ten minutes. Separate this benzin and 
shake with another portion of benzin. Separate this benzin 
and drive off the remainder in a warm place spontaneously. 
Remove the last traces by cautiously heating on a water bath. 
Mix this liquid with water and filter, and add alcohol to the 
filtrate and enough water in the filter to make 950 Mils. 
Assay a portion of the filtrate, and, from the morphine con- 
tent thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount of 
anhydrous morphine in the remainder of the liquid and ad- 
just the volume of finished tincture so that each 100 Mils, 
contains 1 Gm. of anhydrous morphine, 
(b) 8 grains of morphine. 

Define (a) the term exsiccation, (b) name three official 
products obtained by the process, (c) how does it differ 
from desiccation? ? 

(a) Exsiccation is the process of depriving a solid, crystal- 
line substance of its water of crystallization or moisture by 
the use of strong heat. 

(b) Dried ferrous sulphate, alumen exsiccatum, exsiccated 
sodium phosphate. 

(c) In the amount of the heat applied, e. g., desiccation is 
by low heat; also in the character of the substance; desic- 
cation is mostly for vegetable drugs while exsiccation is for 
mineral drugs. 

Name the official kinds of petrolatum. 

Petrolatum, petrolatum album, petrolatum liquidum. 
Criticize the following: 

& . Hydrarg. protiodid 3 s8 

Potassii iodidi 5 1 s8 

Tr. cinchonae comp § i 

Syr. sarsaparillse comp. 5 nL 

M. et Sig. git. i. d. 



PHARMACY. 71 

The protiodide of mercury is changed to biniodide by the 
potassium iodide. The alkaloids in the tr. cinchona comp. 
are precipitated as insoluble iodides, due to the action of the 
potassium iodide. It would be better to give the hydrarg, 
protiodide in pill form and fill the rest of the prescription as 
written. The dose of the protiodide is rather excessive in 
most cases. 

You have 200 C.c. of official stronger water of ammonia, 
Sp. Gr. 0.897; state (a) how many grammes of official 
water of ammonia this will yield upon proper dilution; 
(b) how many grammes of water are required for dilution. 

(a) 432.3 Gm. (b) 322.9 Gm. 

Translate the following into English: 

(a) Ejusdem. (b) Ad libitum, (e) Cochleare parvum. 
(d) Charta cerata. 

(a) Of the same, (b) At pleasure, (c) A teaspoonful. 
(d) Waxed paper. 

For interpretation, comment and criticism: 

No. 1. B . Potassii iodidi 3 i 

Tr. ferri chloridi 3 iv 

Aquae q. s. ad. g iv. 

M. ft. Mist. S.— 3 i ev. 2 hr. 

No. 2. B . Argenti nitratis. gr. ii 

Cocainse hydrochlor. gr. xx 

Aquae destillatae. § ii. 

Misce. Sig. — External use as dir. 

No. 3. B . Strych. sulph gr. ss 

Quin. sulph gr. ii 

Ext. taraxaci, q. s. 
M. Ft. Pill D. td. No. xxiv. 
(a) State approximately the quantity of extract you would employ. 

No. 4. B . Plumbi acetatis. 3 i 

Tincturse opii. 3 ss 

Glycerini g i 

Aquae. !§ vii. 

Misce. Sis. — External use. 



72 PHARMACY. 

No. 5. & . Tr. ferri chloridi 3 hi 

Tr. guaiaci ammoniat 3 iv 

Tr. aloes. 3 iv 

Syrupi q. s. ad. 5 iv 

M. S. — 5 i tid. 

No. 6. R . Antipyrin 3 i 

Tr. aconiti. 5 iv 

Spt. aeth. nit. 3" ss 

Aq. q. s. ad. 3* iii 

M. Sig. — 3 ii ev. 3 hr. 

No. 1. This might be more palatable if glycerin or syrup 
were added. The 2 gr. dose of potassium iodide would act 
better if increased to 5 grs. and less frequent dosage. 

No. 2. The silver nitrate reacts with the cocaine hydro- 
chloride and precipitates as the useless chloride. 

No. 3. (a) Use 20 grains ext. taraxacum. D. t. d. Trans- 
lated means: Let such doses be given. The dose intended is 
most indefinite. If it is to be made into 24 pills and one 
taken, the quinine sulph. is in too small a dose to be effective. 
If it is intended that each pill contain that amount of 
strychnine, that dose is too large. 

No. 4. The lactic and meconic acids in tr. opii cause a pre- 
cipitation of the lead salt, and the prescription should be dis- 
pensed with a "shake" label. The plumbi acetatis should be 
dissolved in the water first, then mixed with glycerin and 
added to the tr. opii. 

No. 5. The tr. iron here causes a blue color with the tr. 
guaiac. Unsightly combination. 

No. 6. In this prescription the antipyrin causes a green 
color to appear. The dose of tr. of aconite is fatal, and even 
if reduced to right size is too long between doses to get a con- 
tinued effect. 

Formaldehyde: In what form is this official in the 9th 
revision of the U. S. P.? 



As an aqueous solution. 



PHARMACY. 73 

What is its official name? 

Liquor formaldehydi. 

How much absolute formaldehyde by weight is it re- 
quired to contain? 

37 per cent. 

What is it the product of? 

The vapor of boiling methyl alcohol is mixed with air under 
pressure. 

Describe it. 

A clear, colorless liquid, irritating when smelled, caustic 
taste, neutral reaction. 

What are its medicinal properties and uses? 

Antiseptic, antiferment, and disinfectant. Never used in- 
ternally. 

What is it often used for unlawfully? 

As a preservative of milk and other food products. 

Mention the best known antidote for its poisonous ef= 
fects. 

Solution of ammonium acetate internally. Inhalation of 
ammonia. 

Give the official Latin name for chlorinated lime (so= 
called chloride of lime). 

Calx chlorinata. 

How is it prepared? 

By exposing powdered calcium hydroxide to chlorine gas. 

What is it used for? 

As a disinfectant and externally on ulcers and in skin 



What gaseous element does it contain? 

Chlorine. 



74 PHARMACY. 

What percentage of this gas should be available? 
30 per cent. 

Give the Latin and common name of the official prepar- 
ation made from it. 

Liquor sodae chlorinatae — Labarraque 's Solution. 
Give the official Latin name for calcium chloride. 

Calcii chloridum. 

Give its chemical formula. 

CaCL. 

How may it be prepared? 

By the action of hydrochloric acid on calcium carbonate, 
evaporating to dryness and heating to redness. 

Sodii Indigotindisulphonas: What is it as defined by the 
U. S. P. Ninth Revision? 

Chiefly the sodium salt [C 10 H s O 2 N 2 (SO 3 Na) 2 = 466.22] of 
indigotindisulphonic acid. 

Describe it. 

It occurs as a blue powder or a dark purple paste. It is 
sparingly soluble in water, yielding a dark blue solution; 
almost insoluble in alcohol. 

Into what official preparation does it enter? 

Toxitabellae Hydrargyri Chloridi Corrosivi. 

What is its use? 

It is used as a coloring agent. 

Spiritus aetheris nitrosi. What is it as defined by the 
U. S. P. Ninth Revision? 

An alcoholic solution of ethyl nitrite containing not less 
than 3.5% nor more than 4.5% of C 2 H 5 N0 2 . 

How should it be kept? 

Keep it in small, well-stoppered, dark amber-colored bottles, 
in a cool and dark place, remote from fire. 



PHARMACY. 75 

Why is the monohydrated sodium carbonate used in the 
process of manufacture? 

To remove traces of acid. 

Describe it and give its medicinal properties and uses. 

It is a clear, mobile and inflammable liquid of a pale yellow 
or faintly greenish-yellow color, a fragrant ethereal odor, and 
sharp, burning taste. Neutral to litmus paper. It is a dia- 
phoretic, refrigerant and diuretic, and is used in inflamma- 
tory diseases, fevers, acute nephritis, and cystitis. 

What is the specific gravity of the official preparation? 

Not above 0.823 at 25° C. 

At what temperature is it directed to be taken? 

25 degrees C. 

Into what preparation does extractum glycyrrhizae 
purum enter? 

Mistura glycyrrhizae composita. 

Give the U. S. P. Latin name for Brown mixture. 

Mistura glycyrrhizae composita. 

Name all the ingredients of the 9th revision process for 
preparing it. 

Pure extract of licorice, syrup, acacia, camphorated tinc- 
ture of opium, antimony and potassium tartrate, spirit of 
nitrous ether, water. 

What is antimony? 

An elementary metal, brittle and brilliant ; rubbed between 
the fingers it produces an odor. 

Give the Latin name of tartrated antimony. 

Antimonii et potassii tartras. 

Give its medicinal properties and dose. 

It is emetic in % to 1 gr. dose. Alterative, diaphoretic in 
V20 g 1 *- doses, and expectorant in 1 / 12 gr. doses. 



76 PHARMACY. 

Into what U. S. P. preparations does it enter? 

Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita, Syrupus Scillae Com- 
positus. 

What is naphthalenum? 

A hydrocarbon obtained from coal-tar and purified by crys- 
tallization. 

From what is it obtained? 

Coal-tar. 

Briefly describe it. 

Colorless, shiny, transparent laminae, volatile in air and 
becoming dark in light, burning taste, strong tar-like odor. 

Give its chemical formula. 

(C 10 H 8 ). 

Give its medicinal properties and dose. 

Insecticide and antiseptic. In summer diarrhoea, % gr. to 
children, 5 gr. to adults. 

Suppose you receive a prescription calling for 240 grains 
of natural sodium salicylate to be dissolved in three ounces 
of peppermint water, but find that you do not have that 
kind of sodium salicylate in stock, but have plenty of sali= 
cylic acid made from oil of wintergreen; on referring to a 
saturated tabJe in the appendix to the Pharmacopoeia you 
find that 100 grains of the acid are neutralized by 61.77 
grains of sodium bicarbonate and will yield 115.98 grains 
of sodium salicylate. Having ascertained these facts 
write out a prescription giving the exact quantity in grains 
of sodium bicarbonate and salicylic acid to conform to the 
above-mentioned prescription. 

& . Ac. salicylic 206.5 grs. 

Sodii bicarbonatis. 127.5 grs. 

How is extractum glycyrrhizae purum made? 

By percolating glycyrrhiza with dilute ammonia water and 
chloroform water, and evaporating to a pilular consistence. 



PHARMACY. 77 

Give test for the absence of mercurous oxide in mass of 
mercury. 

If a portion of the mass be triturated in a mortar with 
warm acetic acid, the nitrate should not become more than 
slightly opalescent on the addition of a few drops of hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Give test for absence of mercuric oxide. 

If a portion of the mass be digested with warm diluted 
hydrochloric acid and a little purified animal charcoal, the 
nitrate should not be affected by hydrogen sulphide test solu- 
tion or by stannous chloride t. s. 

What are its medical properties and dose? 
Its dose is 4 grs. as an alterative and purgative. 
What is chloroform? 

A liquid consisting of no less than 99% nor more than 
99.4% by wgt. of absolute chloroform, CHC1 3 , and not less 
than 0.6% nor more than 1% of alcohol. 

Give its specific gravity. 

1.474 to 1.478 at 25° C. 

Is it inflammable? 

No. 

How is it made? 

By the action of chlorinated lime on acetone. 

What is spirit of chloroform? 

A 10% alcoholic solution. 

How is chloroform water made? 

By shaking distilled water and chloroform, allowing the 
precipitated chloroform to remain in excess and decanting 
when wanted. 

How is chloroform liniment made? 

By mixing 300 Mils, of chloroform with 700 Mils, soap 
liniment. 



78 PHARMACY. 

Give medicinal properties and use of chloroform. 

It is anaesthetic by inhalation, narcotic internally, carmin- 
ative and sedative in small doses. It blisters when applied to 
the skin. 

Give the maximum dose for internal use. 

Two fluid drachms well diluted. 

What is the best method for reducing asafoetida to a 
fine powder? 

Dry the drug first, then powder. 

How would you reduce colchicum or cardamon seed to a 
fine powder? With mortar and pestle? 

Use an iron mortar and pestle and pound hard. 

Why should tablets and powders containing camphor be 
kept in a cool place? 

Because camphor sublimates with heat and would thus be 
lost. 

Copy the following formula, changing grammes and 
cubic centimeters into ounces, grains and minims; also 
state how 7 you would make the mass and what necessary 
precaution you would take in its manufacture. 

B . Potassium chlorate in fine powder. 30. 

Sugar in fine powder 1 20. 

Tragacanth in fine powder 6. 

Spirit of lemon 1 . 

Water q. s. to make mass and divide into 100 troches. 

B . Potassium chorate in fine powder 4fi2 grains 

Sugar in fine powder. 3 iii 3 v * gr- xlviii 

Tragacanth in fine powder Grs. xcii T 4 <j 

Spirit of lemon 16 minims. 

Water q. s. to make mass and divide into 100 troches. 

Rub with a spatula until all the powders are intimately 
mixed, being careful not to use force or pressure, to avoid 
explosion of the potassium chlorate. Lastly, mix the oil and 



PHARMACY. 79 

sufficient water to make a thick mass. Then cut into 100 
even pieces with a troche-cutter and dry. 

Give the quantity of each ingredient represented in each 
pill when made after the following formula; also state how 
you would prepare the mass and in what order you would 
add the ingredients. 

R . Ext. nucis vomicae gr. iv 

Ferri sulph gr. xxxii 

Potassii carb gr. xvi 

Sacch. alb gr. viii 

Pulv. tragacanth gr. ii 

Pulv. altbea gr. ii. 

Glycerin, aqua, ana q. s. fiat mass. Divide in pilulaj No. xvi. 

Ext. nucis vomicae, 14 gr. ; ferri sulp., 2 gr. ; potassii carb., 
1 gr. ; sacchar. alb., y 2 gr. ; and y s gr. each of althea and 
tragacanth. Kub the pot. carb. in a mortar with a few drops 
of glycerin and water, then add the ext. nucis vomicae, fer- 
rous sulphate and sugar previously triturated together to a 
uniform powder, and rub the mass thoroughly until it assumes 
a greenish color. Then incorporate the tragacanth and althea 
and make a pill mass, adding water if necessary. Then divide 
into 16 pills. 

Criticize the following prescription and state what you 
would do if presented to you for compounding. 

R . Quininpe sulph. 
Ferri reduct. 
Acid arsenosum. 
Ext. gentians*. ana. gr. xii 

Fiat mass dividse in capsulas No. xii. 

Sig.— One ev. 3 hr. 

The dose of arsenious acid is too large. If unable to reach 
the prescriber it would be proper to use 14 gr. of arsenious 
acid instead of 12 grs. The ingredients should be intimately 
mixed in a mortar and water added so as to form a pill mass, 
and divide into 12 parts and place in capsules. 



80 PHARMACY. 

What are alkaloids? 

Highly active (physiologically) bodies obtained from both 
the animal and vegetable kingdoms. They are mostly crystal- 
lizable and colorless, and represent in most cases the activity 
of the plant drugs. Chemically, they are basic carbonaceous 
amines. 

What are alkalies? 

Substances which unite with acids forming salts. They 
turn red litmus blue. 

What are acids? 

Chemical compounds in which hydrogen is linked to a nega- 
tive element by means of oxygen. 

What are acid salts? 

Those salts in which part of the acid radical has been re- 
placed by the alkali or base. 

What are basic salts? 

Salts in which the hydrogen of the base is not completely 
replaced by the acid. 

What is a saturated solution? 

A solution in which the solvent has dissolved all the salt 
capable. 

What is a supersaturated solution? 

One in which by increasing the temperature more of the 
substance is dissolved than would occur at normal temper- 
ature. 

Name the official U. S. P. solutions. 

Liquor acidi arsenosi, liquor arseni et hydrargyri iodidi, 
liquor calcis, liquor iodi compositus, liquor plumbi subacetatis 
dilutus, liquor ammonii acetatis, liquor potassii hydroxidi, 
liquor sodii hydroxidi, liquor sodii arsenatis, liquor creosolis 
compositus, liquor ferri chloridi, liquor ferri subsulphatis, 
liquor ferri tersulphatis. liquor ferri et ammonii acetatis, 



PHARMACY. 81 

liquor formaldehydi, liquor hydrogenii dioxidi, liquor mag- 
nesii citratis, liquor plumbi subaeetatis, liquor potassii arse- 
nitis, liquor potassii citratis, liquor sodae chlorinatae, liquor 
hypophysis, liquor zinci chloridi, liquor sodii chloridi physi- 
ologicus, liquor sodii glycerophosphatis. 

Salicylic acid: How does it exist naturally and from) 
what natural product may it be obtained? 

Iu combination as methyl salicylate in oil of wintergreen. 
It may be obtained from oil of birch or oil of wintergreen. 

From what is it obtained synthetically? 

The action of carbon dioxide on sodium phenol. 

Describe it and give its medical properties and uses, also 
give its dose. 

Light, fine, white needles, or a bulky white powder, perma- 
nent in air, odorless or a faint gaultheria odor, taste sweet, 
reaction acid. It is an antipyretic, anti-rheumatic, and escha- 
rotic externally. It is used in fevers, acute rheumatic espec- 
ially, for intestinal antisepsis, and on corns and warts. Its 
dose is 12 grs. 

If salicylic acid costs 48 cents per pound and sodium 
bicarbonate 5 cents per pound, and the market price of 
sodium salicylate is fifty cents per pound, will it profit 
you to make your own sodium salicylate, especially when 
you remember that much of it is used and dispensed as 
a 50 per cent solution, thus saving time of drying and 
powder the entire product; the following quantities 
will yield one pound of the finished product or two pounds 
of 50 per cent solution. Salicylic acid 11 ounces and 2 
drachms; sodium bicarbonate 6 ounces and 6 drachms; 
water q. s.; what will be the cost of your product as com= 
pared with the market price, and what will be your profit? 

There is a profit of 13 cents a pound. Cost to make, 37 
cents against market cost of 50 cents. 
6 



82 PHARMACY. 

How would you detect the presence of salicylic acid in 
suspected fruit, syrups and juices? 

Ferric chloride test solution colors the sample a bluish 
violet-red if salicylic acid is present. 

What per cent of metal does massa hydrargyri contain? 

33 per cent. 

Give the common names for this preparation. 

Mass of mercury, blue mass, coerulean mass, pill hydrargyri. 

Why is Iong=continued trituration necessary? 

To extinguish the metal. 

Aromatic or medicated waters: In the new Pharma= 
copoeia (the 9th revision) eighteen medicated waters or 
solutions are given; some are made by distillation; some 
by trituration; some by solution, and others by aeration. 
Give the names of those made by distillation. 

Aqua aurantii florum fortior, aqua aurantii florum, aqua 
destillata, aqua destillata sterilisata, aqua hamamelidis, aqua 
rosae fortior, aqua rosae. 

In making distilled water it is directed that 1000 volumes 
of water be used and only 800 volumes of distillate re- 
tained for use, the first and last 100 volumes being re- 
jected; give the reason for this. 

The first 100 volumes contains the gaseous impurities and 
the latter 100 volumes contains metallic impurities. 

Name those made by trituration. 

Aqua anisi, aqua camphorae, aqua cinnamomi, aqua foeni- 
culi, aqua menthae piperitae, aqua menthae viridis. 

What substance or triturant is used to diffuse the oils 
through water? 

Purified talc. 



PHARMACY. 83 

What triturant was used according to the Pharmacopoeia 
of 1890 and why was this change made? 

Precipitated calcium phosphate. It was omitted because of 
its slight solubility, which caused a reaction with certain 
chemical substances. 

Mention those waters made by solution and state how 
this is effected. 

Aqua amygdalae amarae, aqua chloroformi, aqua creosoti. 
The first and third are made by shaking the medicinal ingre- 
dient in water and then filtering. Aqua chloroformi is made 
by adding an excess of chloroform to water, and shaking. 
When wanted, simply decant the solution. 

Mention those official gaseous solutions made by aera= 
tion and classed as waters. 

Aqua ammoniae, aqua ammoniae fortior. 

How would 3'ou prepare the following prescription, and 
give the reason for your method? 

B . Adeps lanse. 3 vi 

Aqua 3 i 

Sodii salicylas g i 

Methyl salicylas 3 i 

Menthol - gr. xv. 

Ft. Ung. S. — Local use. 

As the menthol is soluble in the methyl salicylate, I would 
mix the two and incorporate with the adeps lanae. The 
sodium salicylate might be rubbed in this mixture, but would 
make a more uniform product if it were previously dissolved 
in the water. Therefore I would dissolve it in water and in- 
corporate it with the first mixture. 

& . Solut. phenolis, 10 % § viii. 

How would you prepare the above and why? 

Take 4 oz. glyceritum phenolis and add to 4 oz. of water, 
because phenol is not soluble in water to the extent of 10%, 
and no restriction is placed on the solvent. 



84 PHARMACY. 

What percentage of phenol is soluble in water? 

Five per cent. 

What will increase the solubility of phenol in water? 

The addition of glycerin. 

What percentage is soluble in alcohol? 

Very soluble. 

What is the approximate equivalents in the apothe= 
caries' and metric system? 

(1) Teacup. (2) Wineglass. (3) Tablespoonful. (4) 
Dessertspoonful. (5) Teaspoonful. 

(1) equals f g iv 120 mils 

(2) equals f 3 ii 60 mils 

(3) equals f 3 iv 16 mils 

(4) equals f 3 ii 8 mils 

(5) equals f 3 i 4 mils 

Write this prescription using avoirdupois instead of 
metric to express the amount of ingredients; also state 
how you would prepare this ointment so that all of the re- 
sorcin prescribed shall remain incorporated; state how 
much you would charge for a prescription like this. 

R . Resorcinum 10. 

Adeps Lanse, U. S. 30. 

M. ft. Sig.— Use externally. Dr. P. 

R . Resorcini gr. cliv £ 

Adipis lanse, U. S. 1 oz. gr. xxiv 2. 

M. ft. Ungt. et Sig. —Externally. 

By adding one drachm of water the resorcin will remain 
incorporated. It is worth 50 cents. 

State how you would compound this prescription andf 
what necessary precaution you would exercise. 

S . Ammonii carbonat 3 i 

Syrupus scillae. 

Syrupus senegas ana. f 3 iv 

Aqua foeniculi. q. s. ad. f ^ ii 

M. Sig.— 13 ev. 3hr. Dr. E. 



PHARMACY. 85 

Powder the ammonium carbonate and add the syrupus 
scillae. When effervescence ceases add the other ingredients. 
It is important to be sure reaction is complete before handing 
to customer, as accumulation of carbonic acid gas might ex- 
plode the bottle. 

Criticize the following prescription and state what diffi- 
culties you meet in compounding same. 

R . Morphinse sulph. gr. xii 

Potassii bromid. gr. cxx 

Spirit ammonia arom f 3 iv 

Aqua distil. q. 8. ad. f § iii. 

M. et Sig.— 1 3 ev. 3 hr. "Dr. A. 

The dose of morphine is y 2 gr., and that is rather large. 
The alkalinity of the spt. ammonia arom. is sufficient to de- 
compose the morphine sulph. Also the potass, bromid. would 
precipitate it as the insoluble bromide. It should not be filled 
as written without consulting the writer. 

What is a cerate? 

An ointment-like substance of such consistence that it may 
be spread on muslin, yet not fluid enough to run when ap- 
plied to skin. 

Why are they called cerates? 

Because they contain wax, the Latin name for which is cera. 

Name the official U. S. P. cerates. 

Cerate, cantharides cerate, rosin cerate. 

Into what preparation does canthadires cerate enter? 

Into Emplastrum Cantharidis. 

What are ointments and how do they differ from cerates? 

Ointments are fatty preparations for application to the 
skin by inunction, but softer than cerates. 

How many are official, aftd how would you make oint- 



86 PHARMACY. 

ment of zinc oxide in order to insure a perfectly smooth 
white ointment? 

Twenty are official. Rub the oxide of zinc to a smooth paste 
with the melted benzoinated lard, gradually added, and tri- 
turate until cold. 

Why is soap liniment set aside for 24 hours after being 
made, before it is filtered? 

To allow precipitation of inert and insoluble matter. 

The following Latin abbreviations are frequently used 
in writing prescriptions. Write them out in full and trans- 
late them into English. (1) Aq. bull., (2) Aq. f erv., (3) Aq. 
pluv., (4) Ft. Collyr., (5) Ft. pil., (6) Ft. Mas. div. in pill 
XII, (7) Mic. pan., (8) Omni Hor., (9) Sec. Art., (10) Ter. 
bene. 

(1) Aqua bulliens, as boiling water. (2) Aqua fervens, hot 
water. (3) Aqua pluvialis, rain water. (4) Fiat coUyrium, 
make an eye-wash. (5) Fiat pilulas, make pills. (6) Fiat 
massa et divide in pilulas XII, make a mass and divide into 
twelve piUs. (7) Mica panis, bread crumbs. (8) Omni hora, 
every hour. (9) Secundem artem, according to art. (10) 
Tere bene, rub well. 

Seidlitz powders. (1) Give the Latin and American offi- 
cial name for same. (2) The following is the official 
formula: 

Sodium bicarbonate in fine powder 31 gin. 

Potassium and sodium tartrate in fine powder 93 gm. 

Tartaric acid in fine powder 27 gm. 

Mix the first two powders intimately and divide into 
twelve equal parts, enclosing each part in blue paper. 
Divide the tartaric acid into twelve equal parts and en- 
close each part in a white paper. Reduce the metric 
weights or quantities above given to avoirdupois weight. 
If sodium bicarbonate costs 5 cents a pound, potassium and 
sodium tartrate cost 25 cents a pound and tartaric acid 



PHARMACY. 87 

36 cents a pound, what will a box of seidlitz powders hold= 
ing a dozen blue and white powders each cost, counting 
five cents for box, label, and wrapper? 

(1) Pulvis effesvescens compositus — Compound effervescing 
powder. 

(2) Sod. bicarb., 1 oz. 40 grs. ; pot. et sod. tart., 3 oz. 2 
drams; ac. tartaric, 6 drams 56 grains. Cost per box, 13 
cents. 

What chemical reaction takes place when the contents 
of a blue and white paper, previously dissolved in water, 
are mixed together? 

Tartaric acid forms sodium tartrate with the sodium bicar- 
bonate. 

Does this reaction improve the character and efficiency 
of the solution or not? 

It does. 

What are the medicinal properties of Seidlitz powders? 

Laxative and refrigerant. 

How many grains in an avoirdupois pound? 

7000. 

How many in a troy pound? 

5760 grains. 

How many in an avoirdupois ounce? 

437.5 grains. 

Many drugs like phenacetin, sulfonal, aristol, anti= 
kamnia, antipyrine, and trional are sold in small containers 
holding one avoirdupois ounce of the drug. If one ounce 
(avoirdupois) of phenacetin costs one dollar and you sell 
it at the rate of 60 grains for 20 cents, what will be your 
profit on the ounce? 

Answer. About 45 cents profit. 



88 PHARMACY. 

If you purchase one ounce of sulfonal for $1.40 and you 
sell it at the rate of 60 grains for 25 cents what will be 
your profit? 

Answer. 42 cents. 

Magnesium: Describe it, give its symbol and atomic 
weight. 

It is a silvery-white, metallic body, which burns with a 
white light when heated to redness. Symbol is Mg. ; atomic 
weight, 24.32. 

When it is heated to redness in the flame of an alcohol 
lamp, what takes place and what is the product of com- 
bustion? 

It burns and forms the oxide of magnesium. 

What is magnesium chiefly used for? 

Its principal uses are in photography and pyrotechny. 

Name the four official salts of magnesium. 

Magnesium carbonate, oxide, heavy oxide, sulphate. 

Name the three pharmaceutical preparations of the car= 
bonate. 

Magnesium oxide, citrate of magnesia, and milk of mag- 
nesia. 

Give the formula for 1 bottle of liquor magnesii citratis 
U. S. P. IX. 

Magnesium Carbonate 15 gm. 

Citric Acid 33 gm. 

Syrup 60 mils 

Purified Talc 5 gm. 

Oil of Lemon 0. 1 mil 

Potassium Bicarbonate 2.5 gm. 

Water, a sufficient quantity 

Dissolve the citric acid in 150 Mils, of hot water, add the 
magnesium carbonate, previously mixed with 100 Mils, of 
water, and stir until it is dissolved. Then add the syrup, heat 



PHARMACY. 89 

the mixed liquids to a boiling point, introduce the oil of 
lemon, previously triturated with the purified talc, and filter 
the mixture, while hot, into a strong bottle of suitable capac- 
ity. Introduce enough boiled water to make the product 
measure 350 Mils. When cold, drop in the potassium bicar- 
bonate and stopper the bottle securely. Shake and keep in a 
cool place. . 

What other chemica! may replace the potassium bicar= 
bonate and how much to one bottle? 

Sodium bicarbonate. 2.1 Gm. 

State the official Latin title of milk of magnesia. 

Magma Magnesiae. 

Name the ingredients which enter into its manufacture. 

Magnesium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and distilled 
water. 

Upon what is the formula for the preparation based? 

It is based upon the mutual decomposition of a mixture of 
magnesium carbonate and a solution of sodium hydroxide, 
forming a magma of magnesium hydroxide and a solution of 
sodium carbonate, the latter being removed by thorough 
washing. 

What precautions should be observed in keeping it and 
why? 

It should be kept in tightly-stoppered bottles, to prevent 
the absorption of C0 2 . The corks should previously be dipped 
in melted paraffin, as otherwise the preparation attacks the 
cork, soils the inner neck of the bottle and discolors the milk. 

What kinds of extracts does the U. S. P. IX recognize? 

Pilular and powdered extracts. 
Define each kind. 

Pilular extracts are solid or semi-solid products prepared 
by exhausting drugs with appropriate solvents and carefully 
evaporating the solutions to the proper consistence. 



90 PHARMACY. 

Powdered extracts are similar to pilular extracts, differing 
mainly in that they are dry, fine powders. 

What acid is obtained from argols? 

Tartaric acid. 

Give chemical properties of this acid. 

Tartaric acid exists in four isomeric varieties. It reduces 
an ammoniacal solution. It carbonizes when strongly heated. 

Give the official method of making distilled water. 

Distil water and reject the first 100 volumes, and reserve 
the next 800 volumes. 

How would you detect the presence of (i) lead, (2) 
copper, (3) calcium, (4) sulphates, (5) chlorides, (6) am= 
monium sulphate, (7) free ammonia, (8) albuminoid am= 
monia, (9) organic matter? 

(1) Hydrogen sulphide t. s. produces a pale brown dis- 
coloration. 

(2) Hydrogen sulphide t. s. yields a pale brown discolora- 
tion, and when precipitated is soluble in warm nitric acid. 

(3) Ammonium oxalate precipitates calcium. 

(4) Barium chloride precipitates sulphates. 

(5) Silver nitrate precipitates chlorides. 

(6) Barium chloride precipitates ammonium sulphate. 

(7) Nessler's reagent will show a yellow tint if free am- 
monia is present. 

(8) Diluted sulphuric acid added to a boiling sample, to 
which is added potassium permangaate v. s., the pink color 
should not be completely destroyed in ten minutes' boiling. 

(9) As in number 8. 

What is calcium oxide commonly called? 

Lime. 

What is lime water? 

An aqueous, saturated solution of calcium hydroxide. 



PHARMACY. 91 

Give its official Latin and English name. 

Liquor calcis — Solution of lime. 
How is it made? 

By dissolving lime in distilled water. 

Give its strength at 25 ° C. 

Not less than 0.14% of Ca(0H) 2 . 

What happens when carbon dioxide is led into it in small 
quantities? 

Precipitation of calcium carbonate. 

Give its medical properties and dose. 

Antacid, antiemetic, and externally as a sedative in lotions. 
Dose, one ounce. 

Give the name and synonym of the official preparation of 
lime water. 

Linimentum calcis or carron oil. 

What is argol? 

Impure cream of tartar. 

From what is it obtained? 

The juice of grapes in the wine vats after standing. 

How is it purified? 

By repeated crystallization. 

Give official name of the purified product. 

Potassii bitartras. 

Give limit of the natural impurity and test for the puri- 
fied product. 

One-half per cent limit. With sodium-cobaltic nitrite t. s. 
the aqueous sol. yields a copious yellow precipitate. 

Into what official powder does it enter? 

Pulvis jalap ae compositus. 



92 PHARMACY. 

Give official name of a commonly used double salt made 
from it? 

Potassii et sodii tartras. 

Give dose and medical properties of this salt. 

Dose, 2y 2 drs. as a cathartic. It is diuretic and refrigerant. 

What is betanaphthol? 

A mon-atomic phenol obtained from naphthalenum. 

How is it prepared? 

Naphthalene is digested with fuming sulphuric acid, and 
the betenaphthalene-sulphuric acid formed is fused with an 
alkaline hydroxide, then hydrochloric acid is added and beta- 
naphthol is liberated. 

Briefly describe it. 

Pale, buff ^colored, shiny plates, permanent in the air, faint 
phenol-like odor and sharp pungent taste. 

Give its chemical formula and test for presence of 
naphthalene. 

C 10 H 7 OH. It should dissolve in fifty parts ammonia water 
without residue. 

What are its medical properties and dose. 

Antiseptic in skin diseases. It may be used in 3 gr. doses 
internally. 

Briefly describe the process for making fluidextract of 
nux vomica. 

Made by exhausting 1000 Gm. of the powdered drug with 
a 5% acetic acid menstruum in alcohol and water, reserving 
the first 900 Mils, and evaporating the remainder to a soft 
extract. Dissolve this in the reserve portion and mix thor- 
oughly. Assay a portion of this and, from the result thus 
obtained, ascertain by calculation the amount of alkaloids in 
the remainder of the liquid and dilute this with enough men- 



PHARMACY. 93 

struum to make each 100 Mils, of the finished fluidextract con- 
tain 2.5 Gm. of the alkaloids of nux vomica. 

What percentage of alkaloids should the fluid extract 
contain? 

Not less than 2.37% nor more than 2.63%. 

How is calcium oxide prepared? 

By calcining white marble. 

Give its official Latin name. 

Calx. 

Name some drugs which may be more advantageously 
purchased by having a perfect knowledge of the various 
pharmacopoeial tests. 

Liquor ferri chloridi, aqua aminoniae, alcohol, olive oil, 
copaiba. 

What penalties do the pharmacy laws impose upon 
those found guilty of selling or offering for sale adulter- 
ated drugs and medicine? 

Usually a money fine or imprisonment, or both. 

Should a druggist or shop-keeper of any kind make tinc- 
ture of iodine containing less than 7 per cent of iodine or 
use wood alcohol, or Columbian spirits instead of ethyl 
alcohol and label it iodine or imperial iodine, or make 
essence of peppermint, containing less than 10 per cent of 
the oil and label it peppermint or American peppermint, or 
make tincture of ginger with less than 20 per cent of the 
root, possibly adding capsicum and grains of paradise and 
reduce the alcoholic strength prescribed by the U. S. P., 
and label it ginger, or imperial ginger and offer it for sale; 
would the names used protect him against the operations 
and penalties of the above adulteration act? 

No. 

Describe the following drugs as to their physical appear- 
ance, color, odor and taste. (1) Nitromuriatic acid, (2) 



94 PHARMACY. 

Diluted nitromuriatic acid, (3) Fuming nitric acid, (4) 
Hydrochloric acid. C. P., (5) Iron sulphate, (6) Litharge, 
(7) Iodoform, (8) Copper sulphate. 

(1) Golden-yellow, fuming, corrosive liquid, smelling of 
chlorine, taste strongly acid. 

(2) A colorless, aqueous liquid, very acid taste, slight odor 
of chlorine. 

(3) A heavy, red, fuming, corrosive liquid, suffocating 
odor, caustic, burning taste. 

(4) A colorless, fuming liquid, pungent odor, very acid 
taste. 

(5) Large, pale bluish-green prisms, odorless, styptic taste, 
effloresces in the air. 

(6) A heavy, reddish-yellow powder, odorless and tasteless,* 
insoluble in water. 

(7) A fine, lemon-yellow powder, peculiar persistent odor, 
unpleasant, slightly sweet taste, neutral reaction. 

(8) Large, transparent, deep blue crystals, effloresces in the 
air, odorless, metallic taste, somewhat nauseating. 

How would you obtain the specific gravity of liquids? 

"Weigh the liquid in a specific-gravity bottle that holds 1000 
grains of water. Point off three places and the result is its 
specific gravity. 

If 1000 grains of distilled water at a temperature of 
6o° F. just fills a bottle, what is its specific gravity? 

1.000 specific gravity. 

If the same bottle be filled with ether U. S. P. at the 
same temperature, what will it weigh and what will be its 
specific gravity? 

Weight, 716 grains. Specific gravity, .716. 

If the same bottle be filled with chloroform U. S. P. at 
the same temperature, what will it weigh and what will 
be its specific gravity? 

Weight, 1476 grains. Specific gravity, 1.476. 



PHARMACY. 95 

What will mercury weigh and what will foe its specific 
gravity if the same bottle be filled? 

Weight, 13535 grains. Specific gravity, 13.535. 

Describe briefly the manufacture of oil of turpentine 
and give the official Latin names of the two oils recog= 
nized by the U. S. P. 

A mixture of turpentine and water is placed in a copper 
retort and heat applied till the oil has completely distilled. 
It is condensed and collected in a suitable container. 

Oleum terebinth inae, oleum terebinthinae rectificatum. 

To what class of drugs does the substance yielding the 
oil of turpentine belong? Give its common commercial 
name. 

It is an oleoresin. Its name is turpentine, or gum tur- 
pentine. 

What important official substance remains as a by= 
product after the oil is obtained? 

Rosin (resina). 

Which of the two oils should be dispensed when or= 
dered by a physician's prescription? 

The rectified. 

Why does the U. S. P. provide tests for the identifica- 
tion and purity of drugs? 

To insure uniformity of the drug and guard against fraud. 
It also denotes the amount of allowable foreign bodies which 
are difficult of removal. 

Why do some precipitates rise to the surface? Give an 
instance. 

Because they are lighter than the liquid; for example, 
pepsin. 

What effect does heat and cold have when applied to the 
manufacture of precipitates in general? 

Heat produces heavy, and cold, light precipitates. 



96 PHARMACY. 

How are light and heavy carbonate of magnesia made? 

Magnesium sulphate is precipitated by sodium carbonate, 
and the light is formed by using a large amount of cold water. 
The heavy forms from hot, dense solutions. 

Syrup of strawberries: Ripe strawberries with stems 
removed and washed, six quarts; granulated sugar, 12 
pounds. Place a iayer of berries in a clean porcelain=3ined 
kettle, cover with a layer of sugar, and repeat with alter= 
nate layers of berries and sugar until all are disposed of; 
allow them to stand for six or eight hours, until the sugar 
is practically dissolved in the juice of the berries; then 
strain and boil; strain into bottles or jugs while still hot. 
So=called concentrated fruit syrups are usually sold at 
$2.00 per gallon. How much syrup will the above formula 
yield, and what will it cost per gallon if the sugar shall 
cost 6 cents per pound and the berries 8 cents per quart. 

Cost $1.50 and yield about twelve pints. 

What is meant by the term specific gravity as applied 
to chemistry and pharmacy? 

It is the relative weight compared with an equal volume of 
water. 

What is the standard for comparison with other sub= 
stances, such as liquids and solids, whose specific gravity 
we desire to obtain? 

An equal bulk of pure water expressed as 1 at a given tem- 
perature and atmospheric pressure. 

How would you obtain the specific gravity of a solid 
heavier that the standard just mentioned or implied. 

"Weigh the body in air, then weigh it suspended in water 
if insoluble in water, and divide the weight in air by the loss 
of weight in water. If it is soluble, weigh in a liquid of 
known specific gravity, which will not dissolve it, and by the 
rule of proportion calculate as above. 



PHARMACY. 



97 



125 



Copy the formula below, using for weights and measures 
grains and drams, minims, ounces and fluid=ounces in= 
stead of the metric system; also estimate the price per 
pint upon the following basis. The calcium, potassium 
and sodium salts costs 68 cents a pound, the iron and man= 
ganese salts $1.20 per pound, quinine hydrochloride 60 
cents per ounce, citric acid and potassium citrate each 
46 cents per pound. 

l£ . Calci hypophos 35 

Potassii hypophos 17 

Sodii hypophos 17 

Ferri hypophos 2 

Mangani hypophos 2 

Potassii citrat 5 

Acidi citrici 2 

Quininse hydrochlorid 1 

Tincturse nucis vomicae 22 

Sugar 775 

Water q. s. ad. 1000 mils. 

R . Calcii hypophos 1 oz. av. gr. 73 

Potassii hypophos 256 gr 

Sodii hypophos 256 gr 

Ferri hypophos 33 gr 

Mangani hypophos 33 gr. 

Potassii citrat 74 gr 

Acidi citrici 29 gr. 

Quininse hydrochlorid 16$ gr. 

Tr. nucis vomica; . . • 334 m. 

Sugar 25 oz. av. 374 gr. 

Water .q. s. ad. xxxii. ozs. 

Cost per pint, 14 cents. 

What is a precipitate? 

Solid matter separated from a solution by heat, light, or 
chemical action. 

Why do most precipitates gravitate to the bottom of 
the vessel in which they are formed? Name one or more. 

Because they are heavier than the liquid, e. g., calcium car- 
bonate and calcii phosphas praecipitatus. 

7 



98 PHARMACY. 

All official cerates contain wax, as indicated by the 
name; in one of them white wax is used, in the other two 
yellow wax is used. Give the names of the latter. 

Ceratum resinae and ceratum cantharidis. 

Pyroxylin. What is the pyroxylin of the U. S. P. and in 
what menstruum is it soluble? 

It is gun-cotton, a product of the action of nitric and sul- 
phuric acids on cotton. It is soluble in ether and alcohol 
mixed. 

Is the official pyroxylin true gun=cutton and explosive? 

No. 

Chemically the series of pyroxylins are called nitro=cellu= 
loses, the two important varieties are designated as di=ni= 
tro=celIulose and tri=nitro=cellulose; which of these is the 
true or explosive gun=cotton? 

Hexa-nitro-'cellulose is the true gun-cotton. 

Why does the pharmacopoeia designate or term the py= 
roxylin as soluble gun=cotton? Is the true or explosive 
variety soluble in the same menstruum as the official? 

To distinguish it from the explosive variety, which is not 
soluble. The true gun-cotton is insoluble in this menstruum. 

Name the collodions of the U. S. P. 

Collodium flexile, cantharidal, and collodion. 

Which one of the collodions contain camphor and castor 
oil, and why? 

These are added to make the flexible variety, to prevent 
excessive contraction when the ether has evaporated. 

What constituent is removed from cotton during its 
purification? 

Fixed oil. 



PHARMACY. 99 

What chemical is used to effect this removal? 

An alkaline solution. 

What is the official name of the product which is de- 
scribed as chiefly consisting of cellulose tetranitrate? 

Pyroxylinum. 

Give the Latin name for the detannated tincture of 
cinchona. 

Tinctura cinchonae detannata. 

For what purpose is it detannated? 

To obviate the action of tannic acid on the stomach and to 
permit the addition of tincture of iron without discoloration. 

What effect do salts of iron have upon tinctures or fluid- 
extracts containing tannin? 

It colors them a blue-black (ink). 

Why is elixir of pepsin and bismuth considered of doubt= 
ful therapeutic value? 

Pepsin is soluble in acid media and bismuth in alkaline, and 
it is found the bismuth inhibits the action of pepsin. 

Why is carmine generally not a good coloring agent for 
elixirs? 

It often makes a cloudy mixture and is not permanent. 

Why would carmine be a better coloring agent than 
cudbear in elixir of ammonium valerianate? 

Cudbear is active in acid media, while elixir of ammonium 
valerianate is alkaline. 

If a customer should report to you, in the absence of his 
physician, that he had been using any one of the official 
arsenic solutions for some time, and was suffering from 
puffy and swollen features, dryness and burning in the 
throat, burning abdominal pains and diarrhea, stools often 
mixed v/ith blood, what advice would you give the man? 

Stop the medicine, as these are symptoms of arsenical poi- 
soning. 



100 



PHARMACY. 



How many fluid ounces in 500 grammes chloroform 
(spec, gravity 1.49)? 

11% fluid ounces. 

At $1.05 per 500 grammes, what will a fluid ounce cost? 

9y 2 cents. 

At 58 cents a pound of chloroform (specific gravity 1.49) 
what will a fluid ounce cost? 

About six cents. 

At 72 cents a pound of ether (specific gravity .725) 
what will a fluid ounce cost? 

3f cents. 

If 250 grammes of F. Ipecac cost $385.00, what will a 
fluid ounce cost if the quantity measures nine fluid ounces? 

$42.77. 

From what is iodine obtained? 

Seaweed, and associated with, sodium nitrate in the saltpeter 
beds of South America. 

What are its compounds with other elements called? 

Iodides. 

Name the test for free iodine in solution. 

The starch test. 

What acid is formed by iodine and hydrogen? 

Hydriodic acid. 

Name the ingredients which enter into the composition 
of the following preparations, and give the unabbreviated 
official name of each. (1) Spirit of mindererus, (2) Lugol's 
Solution, (3) Basilicon Ointment, (4) rluxham's Tincture, 
(5) Friar's Balsam. 

(1) Liquor ammonii acetatis :: Ammonium carbonate and 
diluted acetic acid. 



PHARMACY. 101 

(2) Liquor iodi eompositus : : Iodine, potassium iodide, dis- 
tilled water. 

(3) Ceratum resinae :: Resin, yellow wax, lard. 

(4) Tinctura cinchonae composita : : Red cinchona, bitter 
orange peel, serpentaria, glycerin, alcohol, and water. 

(5) Tinctura benzoini composita :: Benzoin, purified aloes, 
storax, balsam of tolu, and alcohol. 

What reaction takes place in the following prescription? 
Would you dispense it? 

K . Potassii cyanidi. gr. vi 

Morphinas sulphatis. gr. ii 

Acidi citrici g iss 

Syrupi q. s. ad. J viii. 

S.— 1 5 t. i. d. 

The citric acid decomposes the cyanide forming hydrocy- 
anic acid, which precipitates the morphine salt. I would not 
dispense it without consulting the physician. 

Write English name of each ingredient and the quantity 
of each in words. 

B. Acidi gallici 3 5 

Spt. vin. rect. 4 6 

Glycerinse 30 

Mist, camphorse ad. 300 

M. Ft. Mistura. 

K . Gallic acid three grammes and fifty centigrammes. 

Alcohol 4 t 6 q mils. 

Glycerin thirty mils. 

Camphor mixture. enough to make three hundred mils. 

A physician desires to order a io M. dose of the oil of 
turpentine, and also desires to place the responsibility of 
preparing a well=finished and palatable product or mixture 
upon the dispensing pharmacist, and. writes his prescript 
tion as follows: 

R . 01. terebinthinse. mclx 

Fiat mist. sec. artem ^ ii. 

Sig. — 3 * as dir. 



102 PHARMACY. 

R . Olei gaultheriae nix 

Olei terebin. rect mclx 

Olei amygdalae exp 5J j 

Syrupi 3 iv 

Acacias 3 jjj 

Aquae dest q. s. ad. Jjj. 

Sig. — 3j as directed. 

Write out the full formula exactly as you would prepare 
It to comply with the wishes of the physician. 

Introduce acacia into dry bottle and the oil and shake thor- 
oughly, then add five drachms of water and shake until emul- 
sified. Then add syrup and remainder of water. Flavor if 
desired. 

Describe the capsules so frequently used in dispensing 
unpleasant remedies. Of what material are they made? 

A mixture of water, gelatin and glycerin of varying pro- 
portions is melted until uniform, and by means of moulds 
made into globular or elongated shapes and hollow. They are 
elastic, soluble in water, and somewhat sweet to the taste. 

Should all solid or powdered remedies be first made into 
a mass before placing them into capsules? Give a reason 
for or against this practice? 

No. If they are made into a mass the liquid ingredient 
may so act on them or coat them as to make them undiges- 
tible, and thus useless. 

What are cachets? Describe them. Are they used for 
other than powdered drugs? 

Cachets are made of Hungarian flour and pressed into 
wafer-like envelopes consisting of two parts somewhat hollow 
or depressed, which when moistened and sealed completely 
enclose the drug. They are used for powders only. 

What three kinds of suppositories are mentioned in the 
U. S. P.? 

Vaginal, rectal and urethral. 



PHARMACY. 103 

Give the formula of one official suppository. 

Glycerin, nionohydrated sodium carbonate, water, stearic 
acid. 

Give the ordinary American name for the syrup in the 
following; prescription; name the precipitate formed in the 
mixture, and state how the prescription should be dis= 
pensed. 

Be . Morphinse sulph. gr. i 

Tr. gambir conrp '. 5 " 

Tr. zingiberis § ss 

Syr. ejusdem q. s. ad. § ii. 

Mds. — 3 i i n a 1- ev ' ^ or 3 hours. Dr. B. 

Syrup of ginger, morphine tannate. Mix the tinctures, add 
the syrup in which the morphine sulphate was previously 
dissolved. Dispense with a "shake" label. 

In making chloroform liniment it sometimes separates 
into two layers. What causes this? 

If the soap liniment used in making the chloroform lini- 
ment has been made from soap shavings, and not powdered 
or gr^JX£hited r -as :: jiirected by the Pharmacopoeia, there is an 
excess of water, which throws out the chloroform. 

In the manufacture of soap liniment some previous 
pharmacopoeias directed the use of bar soap, in shavings; 
the present, or ninth revision, directs the use of dried and 
granulated or powdered soap. Give the reason for this. 

The amount of water in the bar soap always varied and 
was not accounted for in weighing the soap, therefore some- 
times there was an excess of water, which was objectionable. 
The present way calls for a definite amount of soap without 
the water, and the finished product is always the same. 

Give a reason for the sale of cheap and adulterated drugs. 

The practice is always dishonest and can have no excuse. 

What is the purpose of the law against the sale of adul= 
terated drugs? 

It protects the patient and gives a permanence to drug 
values not obtained in any other way. 



104 PHARMACY. 

What does the law of Pennsylvania consider a poison? 

Any drug or preparation which., according to standard 
works on materia mediea and pharmacy, is destructive or 
dangerous to human life in quantities of 60 grains (minims 
for liquids) or less. 

What precaution is necessary in selling certain kinds of 
poisons? 

All poisons should be dispensed with a poison label attached, 
and those destructive to human life in doses of 5 grains or 
less (minims for liquids) should be registered in a book kept 
for the purpose and termed a "Poison Register." 

Certain agents, which are used for immoral or unlawful 
purposes, should never be dispensed except on the prescrip- 
tion of a licensed physician. 

State how this preparation should be compounded. 

What action is to be anticipated and what caution exer= 

cised? 

R . Spt. etheris nit 5 v * 

F. buchu. 

F. uva ursi ana ^ iv 

Syrupi q. s. et fiat § iv 

Mds. — 3 i four times a day. Dr. M. 

Mix the two fluidextracts. Mix the spt. etheris nit. with 
sufficient syrup and add to the fluidextracts. If possible, set 
aside awhile or caution the patient to leave the cork out of 
the bottle. A reaction occurs between the tannic acid in the 
f. buchu and the nitrous radical of the spt. nitrous ether, and 
gases may generate producing explosive compounds. 

How would you compound this prescription in order to 

produce a clear, sightly mixture? 

fx . Liq. ammonii acet 3 iv 

Acidi acetici % i 

Tr. ferri chlor 5 ss 

Glycerin % ss 

Mucilaginse acacia ad. 5 viii. 

M. — % i ev. three hours. Dr. W. 

Add the acetic acid to the liquor ammonii acet., then suc- 
cessively the tr. ferri chlor. and mucilage of acacia. 



PHARMACY. 105 

The official camphor liniment contains 200 parts of cam= 
phor by weight in 1000 parts of liniment; the official 
belladonna liniment contains only 50 parts of camphor in 
100 parts of fluidextract of belladonna, what can be the 
object of adding so small a quantity of camphor; does it 
possess any therapeutic value in so small a quantity? 

Camphor externally is anodyne and stimulant, and has a 
distinct value in the belladonna liniment as a synergist to the 
belladonna, hence it is present in smaller quantities in this 
preparation. 

Define percolation. 

Percolation or displacement is the process whereby a pow- 
der contained in a suitable vessel, termed a percolator, is de- 
prived of its soluble constituents by the descent of a solvent 
through it. 

What two forms of percolators does the pharmacopoeia 
direct to be used, and state what class of substances are 
best percolated in each? 

A cylindrical or only slightly tapering percolator may be 
used for drugs which are not liable to swell, and when the 
menstruum is strongly alcoholic, or when ether or some other 
volatile liquid is used for extraction. 

For drugs which are apt to swell, particularly when a feebly 
alcoholic or an aqueous menstruum is employed, a conical 
percolator is preferable. 

Why should the drug be moistened before it is placed in 
the percolator? 

To prevent swelling of the drug and thus clogging the per- 
colator, to promote absorption of the menstruum, and to facil- 
itate extraction of the active constituents. 

Name the limit of rapidity (in drops per minute) by 
which percolation should be allowed to flow. 

Ten to thirty drops in a minute. 



106 PHARMACY. 

State why purified talc is used in making medicated 
waters. 

The object in using the purified talc is to divide thoroughly 
the oil or volatile liquid and expose a greater surface, so that 
the water in filtering through it may become completely sat- 
urated. 

State why hydrochloric acid is used in making lunar 
caustic. 

Pure fused silver nitrate is very brittle when cool, but the 
addition of hydrochloric acid produces sufficient silver chlor- 
ide to toughen it, so that the cast cones or sticks will not 
break so readily. 

State why alcohol is used in making syrup of orange 
peel? 

To dissolve out the volatile oil to which the orange peel 
owes its virtues. 

State why potassium hypophosphite is used in making 
diluted hydriodic acid. 

To liberate some hypophosphorous acid, which renders the 
preparation more stable and prevents liberation of free iodine. 

State why glycerin is used in preparing clarified honey. 

To retain it in the liquid state and aid in its preservation. 

State why hydrochloric acid is used in preparing puri» 
fied animal charcoal. 

The hydrochloric acid separates the calcium phosphate and 
carbonate which are invariably present in the crude bone- 
black. 

Why is expressed oil of almonds used in preparing emul= 
sion of chloroform? 

The fixed oil is necessary in order to emulsify the chloro- 
form. 



PHARMACY. 107 

Explain the use of the diluted acetic acid in Basham's 
Mixture. 

The diluted acetic acid is added to render the solution de- 
cidedly acid, as it precipitates when the action is alkaline. 

What is the object of potassium iodide in Lugol's 
Solution? 

The potassium iodide increases the solubility of the iodine 
in water. 

Define percentage. 

By percentage we understand the relative parts in a hun- 
dred. 

If the list price of a drug is two dollars, and you buy it 
at a discount of forty and sixteen per cent, what will the 
net cost be? 

Deducting forty per cent from list price makes one dollar 
and twenty cents, and deducting sixteen per cent from this 
leaves one dollar and one cent as the net cost. 

If the list price of a drug is two dollars and you buy it 
at a discount of fifty per cent, what will the cost be? 

One-half of the list price, or one dollar. 

If a drug costs you one dollar and you sell it at an ad= 
vantage of one hundred per cent, what is the amount it is 
sold for? 

Another time its cost price, or two dollars. 

What are plasters? 

Plasters are substances intended for external application of 
such consistency that they adhere to the skin, and require the 
aid of heat in spreading them. 

How many plasters are official? 

Seven. 

Name them. 

Piasters of belladonna, cantharides, capsicum, rubber, lead, 
rosin, mustard. 



108 PHARMACY. 

What name was given to mustard plaster in the U. S. 
P. VIII? 

Charta Sinapis. 

Name an official plaster containing an extract. 
Emplastrum Belladonnae. 

What percentage of the extract does it contain? 
Thirty per cent. 

Name an official plaster containing a cerate. 
Emplastrum Cantharidis. 
Name one containing an oleoresin. 
Emplastrum Capsici. 

State the official name of Kentish's Ointment. 
Linimentum Terebinthinae. 
How is it prepared? 

Rosin cerate is melted in a dish on a water bath, then dis- 
solved in oil of turpentine and thoroughly mixed. 

What are solutions? 

Aqueous solutions of non-volatile substances. 

Name the ingredients employed in making Fowler's 
Solution. 

Arsenous acid, potassium bicarbonate, compound tincture 
of lavender, and distilled water. 

State the U. S. P. title of solution of pituitary body. 

Liquor Hypophysis. 

How is it prepared and preserved? 

Extract the finely minced fresh posterior lobe of the pitui- 
tary body of cattle with slightly acidulated water. Boil the 
solution for ten minutes and filter. Sterilize this filtrate and 
preserve in sterile glass containers. 

Give the official Latin name for each of the following: 



PHARMACY. 109 

(i) Merctsrous iodide, (2) yellow iodide of mercury, (3) 
green iodide of mercury, (4) proto=iodide of mercury, (5) 
red precipitate, (6) mercuric oxide, {7) red oxide of mer= 
cury, (8) mercuric iodide, (9) biniodide of mercury, (10) 
yellow oxide of mercury. 

For (1), (2), (3) and (4), being the same, the official name 
is hydrargyri iodidum flavum. (5) and (7) Hydrargyri 
oxidum rubrum. (6) Mercuric oxide may be the red oxide, 
hydrargyri oxidum rubrum, or the yellow oxide, hydrargyri 
oxidum flavum, being the same chemically. (8) and (9) Hy- 
drargyri iodidum rubrum. (10) Hydrargyri oxidum flavum. 

How much cocaine hydrochloride is required to make 
one fluid ounce of a four per cent solution? 

454.6 (grains in fluid ounce) X 4% = 18.18 grains. 

What is methyl alcohol? 

Rectified wood alcohol, CH 3 OH. 

From what is it obtained and give its properties? 

By the destructive distillation of wood. It is a clear, trans- 
parent liquid resembling ordinary alcohol, and has about the 
same density. It is miscible with alcohol, water or ether, and 
burns with a bluish flame. It has a peculiar, empyreumatic 
odor. 

Describe methyl salicylate and state how it is obtained. 

A colorless, yellowish or reddish liquid having a strongly 
aromatic characteristic odor and taste of gaultheria. It is 
sparingly soluble in water; miscible with alcohol and glacial 
acetic acid. Specific gravity, 1.172 to 1.185 at 25° C. Boiling 
point, 218-221° C. 

It is prepared synthetically by distilling salicylic acid or a 
salicylate with methyl alcohol and strong sulphuric acid, or 
obtained by distillation from Gaultheria procunibens or BetuZa 
lenta. 



110 PHARMACY. 

How is synthetic methyl salicylate, or that from sweet 
birch, distinguished from that obtained from wintergreen? 

Synthetic methyl salicylate, or that from sweet birch, is 
optically inactive; when obtained from wintergreen, it is 
slightly laevorotatory, not exceeding — 1.5° in a 100 mm. tube 
at 25° C. 

How would you detect methyl alcohol in an alcoholic 
mixture? 

If 10 Mils, of alcohol be mixed in a test-tube with 5 Mils, of 
potassium hydrate, there should not be an immediate darken- 
ing of the liquid. 

What is a mixture? 

A mixture is an aqueous liquid preparation intended for 
internal use which contains suspended insoluble substances. 

Name the ingredients contained in mistura rhei et sodae. 

Sodium bicarbonate, fluidextract of rhubarb, fiuidextract 
of ipecac, glycerin, spirit of peppermint, and water. 

What is an emulsion? 

Emulsions are liquid preparations in which fats, oils or 
oleo-resinous substances are suspended in water, usually by 
the intervention of some gummy or mucilaginous substance. 

Name the ingredients contained in emulsum chloro= 
formi U. S. P. VIII. 

Chloroform, expressed oil of almond, tragacanth, and water. 

Name the ingredients contained in each of the follow- 
ing: (i) Number Six, (2) Friar's Balsam, (3) Dover's Pow- 
der, (4) Basilicon Ointment, (5) Goulard's Extract, (6) 
Paregoric, (7) Cox's Hive Syrup, (8) Compound Licorice 
Powder, (9) Brown Mixture, (10) Spt. Mindererus. 

(1) Tinctura myrrhae et capsici (N. F.) (hot drops). 

(2) Balsamum traumaticum (N. F. Ill), containing benzoin, 
aloes, storax, balsam of tolu, balsam of Peru, myrrh, angelica 
root, and alcohol, but the official tinctura benzoini composita 



PHARMACY. Ill 

is a simplified preparation intended to replace the above com- 
pound. 

(3) Purvis ipecacuanhae et opii, containing powdered 
opium, powdered ipecac, and sugar of milk. 

(4) Ceratum resinae, composed of resin, yellow wax, and 
lard. 

(5) Liquor plumbi subacetatis, composed of lead acetate, 
lead oxide and distilled water. 

(6) Tinctura opii camphorata, composed of powdered 
opium, benzoic acid, camphor, oil of anise, glycerin, and 
diluted alcohol. 

(7) Syrupus scillae compositus, composed of fluid extract 
of squill, fluid extract of senega, antimony and potassium 
tartrate, precipitated calcium phosphate, sugar, and water. 

(8) Pulvis glycyrrhizae compositus, composed of powdered 
glycyrrhiza, senna, oil of fennel, washed sulphur, and sugar. 

(9) Mistura glycyrrhizae composita, composed of pure ex- 
tract of glycyrrhiza, syrup, mucilage of acacia, camphorated 
tincture of opium, antimony and potassium tartrate, spirit of 
nitrous ether, and water. 

(10) Liquor ammonii acetatis, composed of ammonium car- 
bonate and diluted acetic acid. 

What is chrysarobin and from what is it obtained? 
It is a mixture of neutral principles extracted from goa 
powder, a substance found deposited in the wood of Vouaca- 
poua araroba, Family Leguminosae. 

The U. S. P. formula for chrysarobin ointment is as 
follows: 

Chrysarobin 6 Gm. 

Benzoinated lard 94 Gm. 

How much of each ingredient would you use to make 

one troy ounce of the ointment? How much of each for 

an avoirdupois ounce? 

t-, f Chrysarobin 28.8 grains. 

For a troy ounce < _ J . , , , ,,-,„. 

<- Benzoinated lard 451 . 2 grains. 

. . j . ("Chrysarobin 26.25 grains. 

Avoirdupois ounces _, . ,,, ,,, ~„ . 

<- Benzoinated lard. 411 .25 grains. 



112 PHARMACY. 

How is alcohol obtained? 

The natural sources of alcohol are starch and sugar as they 
exist in various plants, and alcohol, if pure, is the same from 
whatever source it is derived. It is generally made by dis- 
tilling whisky, and redistilling and rectifying the distillate in 
an apparatus termed an alcohol column and still. 

Give the Latin title of each form under which it is 
official, and the percentage strength of each. 

Alcohol, 92.3% by weight, 94.9% by volume. Alcohol de- 
hydra turn, containing not more than 1% by weight of water. 
Alcohol dilutum, 41 to 42% by weight, 48.4 to 49.5% by 
volume. 

Why is alcohol so much used in pharmacy? 

On account of its valuable solvent and preservative prop- 
erties. 

What is absolute alcohol and how may it be prepared? 

Absolute alcohol , is the strongest alcohol that can be pre- 
pared, and it is intended to be absolutely free from water. 
It is prepared by percolating the strongest and purest alcohol 
attainable through recently burnt lime, out of contact with 
air, and then redistilling the percolate in vacuo. 

What is meant by proof spirit? 

Alcohol that contains 50% per volume of absolute alcohol. 

What are the State and United States requirements for 
the sale of alcohol by pharmacists? 

The pharmacist must take out a special license every twelve 
months from the United States Government officials, which 
costs twenty-five dollars annually. This allows the pharma- 
cist the privilege of using alcohol in preparing medical prep- 
arations and its use in prescriptions, written by a licensed 
physician. 

How are compressed tablets made? 

Compressed tablets are made by subjecting dry powders to 



PHARMACY. 113 

a sufficient degree of pressure in suitable machines to cause 
them to cohere. 

What are their advantages and disadvantages? 

The advantages of compressed tablets are that no excipient 
is used in their preparation, they are easily disintegrated or 
dissolved in the fluids of the stomach, and their lenticular 
shape is favorable to their being easily swallowed. 

Their disadvantages are in their being often used for con- 
venience when a special combination is ordered, and if not 
properly compressed they will disintegrate on dispensing, or 
if compressed too firmly they may pass through the digestive 
tract only partly dissolved. 

How are tablet triturates made? 

Tablet triturates are made by thoroughly triturating medic- 
inal powders with a proper base, usually sugar of milk or 
powdered sugar, and then adding sufficient of a volatile liquid 
to make a paste, which is pressed into perforations in a plate 
of suitable material ; then they are removed by a plate, which 
is studded to correspond to the perforations, and allowed to 
dry. 

What are tablet saturates? 

Tablet saturates are made by pouring a medicating liquid 
over tablet triturates that have been made "in blank," that 
is, without medication in such a manner as to have a definite 
quantity of each. 

What is chocolate and how is it made? 

It is the product of the "chocolate nut," made by express- 
ing the kernels between hot iron plates and thus separating 
the fixed oil ; the residual portion when properly mixed with 
sugar constitutes the chocolate. These kernels are prepared 
from the seed of Theobroma cacao, Family Sterculiacea. 

Give the official Latin name and English name of its 
fatty constituent. 

Latin name is oleum theobromatis and English name is oil 
of theobroma. 



114 PHARMACY. 

Give its melting-point and use in pharmacy. 

Melting-point, 86° to 91.4° F. Used as a base for sup- 
positories. 

Expand and interpret the following: (i) M. et ft. emuls., 
(2) M. et ft. Pil. xx., (3) R. Liq. Magn. Cit., Lagenam i., 
(4) D. tal. Pil. xxx., (5) M. d. in vitro. 

(1) Misce et fiat emulsio. Meaning: Mix and make an 
emulsion. 

(2) Misce et fiant pilulae XX. Meaning: Mix and make 
20 pills. 

(3) Recipe, liquor magnesii citratis, lagenam i. Meaning: 
Take thou one bottle of solution of magnesium citrate. 

(4) Dentur tales pilulae XXX. Meaning: Let 30 such 
pills be given. 

(5) Misce, detur in vitro. Meaning: Mix and let it be 
given in a glass. 

How would you compound the following? State in 
words, not figures, how much of each ingredient is to be 
used. 

R . Magnesii carb .60 

Pulv. doveri .06 

Hydrarg. chlor. mite .06 

Sacchari lact .20 

Dent. tal. Dos. vi. 
Mix the calomel with the sugar of milk, then incorporate the 
Dover's powder and magnesium carbonate, mixing well, and 
divide into six powders, having taken six times the amount 
of each ingredient. 

Magnesium carbonate six decigrammes. ") 

Dovei-'s powder. six centigrammes. [ m eac h 

Calomel six centigrammes, j powder 

Sugar of milk two decigrammes. J 

How would you compound the following? 

C Chloroform 2 parts. ^ 

R . A. C. E. Mixture -j Alcohol 1 part f- mix together. 

(. Ether 3 parts. ) 
Sig. — For anesthesia. 



PHARMACY. 115 

In the following prescriptions state: (i) In the case of 
liquids, whether or not clear solutions can be obtained. 
(2) Opinion as to incompatibility and safety in adminis** 
tration. If incompatible, why? 

#. Pulv. ext. glycyrrhiz 3 j 

Chloral hydratis. 3 jj 

Sacch. lact > 3 j 

Pulv. camphor 3 j. 

M. ft. Pul. et in Cht. xii Div. Sig. — One every four hours. 

When the chloral and camphor are combined they produce 
an oily fluid, and when remaining powders are added, a 
paste; so that this cannot be dispensed as written. Consult 
the physician. 

9. Potass, bromidi. 

Chloral hydratis aa ^ ss 

Spt. ammon. arom. % j 

Syr. aurant. cort % jj 

Aq. menth. pip. ad. f ,^ vjjj. 

M. ft. Mist. — A tablespoonful on retiring. 
This prescription produces a turbid mixture on the addi- 
tion of the aromatic spirit of ammonia, and should be dis- 
pensed with a "shake" label. 

9?. Potass, acet. 

Potass, citr aa 3 jjj 

Sacchar. alb Jjj. 

M. ft. Pulv. et in Chart xii Div. Sig. — One every three hours. 
The potassium acetate and citrate being very deliquescent, 
liquefy when mixed, and then dissolve the sugar, so that it 
cannot be dispensed as written. Consult physician. 

& . Strychninae sulph grs. iv 

Tr. digitalis ■■ 3 x 

Spt. ammon. aromat. gj 

Elix. simplicis ad. 3 vjjj. 

M. et. ft. Sol. Sig. — A teaspoonful three times a day. 

In the first place, the dose of strychnine, 1 / 16 grain, is too 
large ; only used in exceptional cases in this dosage ; therefore 
consult physician as to dose. 



116 PHARMACY. 

Then the strychnine would precipitate out as an insoluble 
carbonate and form a dangerous compound with the aromatic 
spirit of ammonia, so that it is chemically incompatible, and 
should not be dispensed as written. Dosage should be certi- 
fied, and then only dispensed after careful instructions as to 
shaking well, and then only after explaining the above incom- 
patibility to the physician ordering the same. 

Differentiate between a dispensatory and a pharma* 
copoeia. 

A pharmacopoeia is a book containing a list of medicinal 
substances, with descriptions, tests and formulas for prepar- 
ing the same, as established by recognized pharmaceutical 
authority. The pharmacopoeia contains only official prepara- 
tions. A dispensatory is a commentary on the pharmacopoeia, 
containing both official and non-official substances. 

Why are you obliged to register a sale of paris green 
when sold to a merchant? 

Because it is a poison that is destructive to human life in 
doses of five grains, and in this instance it would not be used 
as an insecticide for agricultural purposes; hence it should 
be registered. 

Name an instance in which you are not obliged to reg- 
ister a sale of paris green. 

When sold to farmers for agricultural purposes, the law 
does not require registration of the sale. 

Under what circumstances are you obliged to register 
the sale of rough on rats? 

Under all circumstances, except when used as an insecti- 
cide by agriculturists, owing to the large amount of arsenic 
in its composition. 

Define specific gravity. 

Specific gravity is the weight of one body compared with 
the weight of an equal bulk or volume of another body 



PHARMACY. 117 

selected as a standard, both bodies being at the same temper- 
ature. 

What substances are taken as the standard for solids, 
liquids and gases? 

For solids and liquids, water is taken as the standard ; for 
gases, hydrogen is often taken as a standard, and it is also 
the standard for the elementary substances. 

Describe the method of ascertaining the specific gravity 
of a solid. 

Divide the weight of the substance in air by the loss of 
weight in water. (This represents the weight of the water 
displaced.) 

If powder weighs in air 105.30 grains, the bottle with 
powder and water weighs 1095.62 grains, the bottle filled 
with water only weighs 995.74 grains, what is the specific 
gravity of the powder? 

As the bottle when filled with water alone weighs 995.74 
grains, and as the weight of the powder in air is 105.30 grains, 
both together weigh 1101.04 grains. 1101.04 grains less 
1095.52 grains (weight of water, bottle and powder) gives 
5.52 grains. Then apply the rule: L ° 5 5 .*/ = 19.076, the spe- 
cific gravity of the powder. 

Name the symptoms by which you would recognize 
poisoning by the following; mention antidote for each: 
(1) Antipyrin, (2) Cocaine, (3) Colchicum, (4) Colocynth, 
(5) Morphine. 

(1) Antipyrine. Symptoms: Profuse sweating, vomiting, 
collapse, salivation, dyspnoea and epileptiform convulsions, 
but most characteristic is a peculiar livid discoloration of the 
surface of the body, especially the extremities, which is an 
early symptom of intoxication. Antidote: Diffusible stimu- 
lants, such as ether and alcohol, heart tonics, strychnine or 
strophanthus, digitalis, artificial respiration, inhalation of 
oxygen, and heat. 



118 PHARMACY. 

(2) Cocaine. Symptoms: Weak and rapid pulse respira- 
tions, labored and shallow, and oppression of the chest is 
often complained of, with threatening collapse, clammy skin, 
hallucinations, and delirium. Antidote : Ammonia and ainyl 
nitrite for the cardiac depression; alcohol and opium, with 
artificial respirations and heat. Chloral, chloroform and ether 
are therapeutical antagonists. 

(3) Colchicum. Symptoms: Violent vomiting and purg- 
ing (first serous, then mucous and bloody), or acute gastro- 
intestinal irritation. Marked symptoms of collapse super- 
vene: the pulse becomes small, rapid and thready; the skin 
cold and bedewed with sweat, respiration slow and faint. 
Death from collapse, the brain remaining clear to the last. 
Antidote : Tannic acid to retard absorption, best adminis- 
tered in form of strong tea or coffee. Encourage vomiting, 
using emetics and cathartics, morphine and atropine, and oils 
are of service. If collapse, heat and vascular stimulants are 
required. 

(4) Colocynth. Symptoms: Gastro-intestmal irritation, 
griping and purging and marked prostration, later coma and 
death. Antidote : Demulcents, such as flaxseed or slippery 
elm, bland oils, strong tea or coffee, stimulants, morphine for 
pain, astringents. 

(5) Morphine. Symptoms: Cold and clammy sweat, very 
slow pulse, slow and stertorous respiration, gradually becom- 
ing feeble and irregular. Cyanosed face, abolished reflexes, 
coma gradually deepening, the pupils minutely contracted, 
but dilating as the end approaches, and finally death by 
paralysis of the respiratory center. Antidote : Promptly- 
acting emetics in large doses, because of the stomach's insen- 
sitive condition, such as zinc or copper sulphate, ipecac or 
apomorphine hypodermatically, then a pint or two of warm 
coffee should be injected into the stomach and rectum. Arti- 
ficial respiration by Sylvester's method; application of the 
faradic current, one pole to the cervical region, and the other 
over the ensiform cartilage, strychnine and atropine for the 



PHARMACY. 119 

vascular and respiratory systems, amyl nitrite and ammonia 
by inhalation. Rectal injections of tincture of capsicum §ss 
to j for the coma, potassium permanganate is the best anti- 
dote for morphine in the stomach, given in doses about one- 
half greater than the quantity of morphine present, and 
repeating in less quantity at short intervals. Keep patient 
awake and in motion if possible. 

Give the five synonyms for hydrargyri iodidum flavurn. 

Yellow iodide of mercury, proto-iodide of mercury, green 
iodide of mercury, mercurous iodide, hydrargyri iodidum 
viride. 

Name the three synonyms for hydrargyri iodidum 
rubrum. 

Mercuric iodide, biniodide of mercury, red iodide of mer- 
cury. 

Give the Latin name, medicinal use and dose of Turpeth 
Mineral. 

Hydrargyri subsulphas flavus. Used as an alterative in 
doses of one-fourth to one-half a grain. In larger doses, 
emetic. 

From what are the following prepared? Give medical 
properties of each: (i) Codeine, (2) Apomorphine, (3) 
Homatropine, (4) Acetanilid, (5) Salol. 

(1) Codeine from opium; sedative and anodyne. (2) Apo- 
morphine from morphine; emetic. (3) Homatropine from 
atropine; mydriatic. (4) Acetanilid from aniline oil and 
glacial acetic acid; antipyretic, diaphoretic, analgesig. (5) 
Salol from salicylic and carbolic acids; intestinal antiseptic. 

Name the principal alkaloids found in opium. 

Morphine; codeine; papaverine; thebaine, narcotine, nar- 
ceine and hydrocotarnine. Altogether nineteen alkaloids are 
present. 

Give the analytical reaction for morphine. 

Morphine with nitric acid gives an orange-red color. On 



120 PHARMACY. 

shaking a small portion of morphine in a test-tube with 10 
Mils, of chlorine water the latter will acquire a yellowish 
color. On now carefully pouring a small amount of ammonia 
water on the surface of the liquid a brown or reddish-brown 
zone will form at the line of contact. If to a neutral 1% 
solution of morphine a few drops of ferric chloride T. S. be 
added, a blue color will result, which is destroyed by acids, 
alcohol and heat. 

Give the analytical reaction for quinine. 

The solution of quinine in diluted sulphuric acid has a 
bluish fluorescence. 

On treating 10 Mils, of an aqueous acidulated solution of 
quinine with two drops of bromine water, and then an excess 
of ammonia water, the liquid will acquire an emerald-green 
color. (Thalleioquin test.) 

On treating an acidulated solution of quinine with a satur- 
ated alcoholic solution of iodine, crystals of an emerald-green 
color are produced. (Herapathite's test.) 

Quinine should not be reddened by nitric acid. 

Name the most important precipitants of the alkaloids. 

Potassio-mercuric iodide, auric chloride, tannic acid, phos- 
pho-molybdic acid and picric acid. 

In what manner may the alkaloids be separated from 
the tissues of animals that have been poisoned? 

By dialysis as the most convenient means. 

What is chloroform? 

Chloroform (CHC1 3 ) is a liquid consisting of 99 to 99.4% 
by weight of absolute chloroform and 1 to 0.6% of alcohol. 
It is a heavy, clear, colorless, mobile and diffusible non- 
inflammable liquid. Specific gravity 1.474 to 1.478 at 25° C. 

Name the substances which are required for its for- 
mation. 

It may be made from chlorinated lime, alcohol and water, 
or by reacting on acetone with chlorinated lime. 



PHARMACY. 121 

Give its solubility in water and alcohol. 

Water, 200 parts ; alcohol, all proportions. 
Give its medicinal properties and dose. 

Used as an anesthetic by inhalation. Internally in large 
doses (one to two fluid drachms) it is narcotic; in small dos«s 
(ten to fifteen minims) it is carminative and sedative. Ex- 
ternally, an irritant. 

How should the following be dispensed? 

jf£. Chloroform - 5 jjj 

Elix. lactopeptine ad. f § jjj. 

M. Sig. — Teaspoonful after meals. 

If dispensed as written, three drachms of chloroform (by 
weight) should be added to sufficient elixir to make three 
fluid ounces. However, chloroform is usually dispensed by 
measure. In either case a "shake well" label should be 
placed on the bottle. 

Name the ingredients and mode of preparing each of the 
following: (i) Infus. Digitalis, (2) Spt. ammonia arom., 
(3) Mist, glycyrrhizae comp., (4) Tinct. catechu comp., 
(5) Unguentum aquae rosae. 

(1) Infusion of digitalis. Ingredients: Digitalis (bruised), 
alcohol, cinnamon water, boiling water, cold water. Upon the 
digitalis contained in a suitable vessel pour boiling water and 
allow it to macerate until the mixture is cold, then strain, add 
the alcohol and cinnamon water to the strained liquid, and 
pass enough cold water through the residue in the strainer to 
make the product measure the specified quantity. 

(2) Aromatic spirit of ammonia. Ingredients: Ammonium 
carbonate, ammonia water, oil of lemon, oil of lavender flow- 
ers, oil of nutmeg, alcohol, distilled water. To the ammonia 
water contained in a flask add a portion of the distilled 
water, and afterwards the ammonium carbonate reduced to a 
moderately fine powder, close and agitate occasionally, allow- 
ing to stand at least six hours, the ammonia converting the 
bicarbonate into the neutral carbonate and the water convert- 



122 PHARMACY. 

ing the carbamate into the carbonate, the above time being 
necessary- to effect this change. Introduce the alcohol into a 
graduated bottle of suitable capacity, add the oils, then grad- 
ually add the solution of ammonium carbonate, and after- 
wards enough distilled water to make up the proper quan- 
tity. Set aside for 24 hours, then filter. 

(3) Compound mixture of glycyrrhiza. Ingredients: Pure 
extract of glycyrrhiza, camphorated tincture of opium, syrup, 
acacia granulated, spirit of nitrous ether, water, antimony 
and potassium tartrate. Rub the pure extract of glycyrrhiza 
and acacia in a mortar with a portion of the water until it is 
dissolved, transfer to a graduated vessel, add the antimony 
and potassium tartrate dissolved in hot water, then the other 
ingredients, and rinse the mortar with sufficient water to 
make desired volume. Mix the whole thoroughly. 

(4) Compound tincture of catechu. Ingredients: Catechu, 
cinnamon (cassia) diluted alcohol. Mix the powders, and 
without moistening pack the mixture firmly in a cylindrical 
percolator; then gradually pour diluted alcohol upon it to 
make desired volume of percolate. This is no longer official. 

(5) Ointment of rose water. Ingredients: Spermaceti 
white wax, expressed oil of almond, stronger rose water, 
sodium borate. Reduce the spermaceti and white wax to fine 
shavings and melt them at a moderate heat, then add the ex- 
pressed oil of almond, pour the mixture into a warm mortar, 
and add without stirring the stronger rose water in which the 
sodium borate had previously been dissolved, and stir rapidly 
and continuously until the mixture becomes uniformly soft 
and creamy. 

What are oleoresins and name the official natural 
oleoresins? 

Oleoresins are mixtures of oils and resins, and the official 
oleoresins are liquid preparations, consisting principally of 
natural oils and resins extracted from vegetable substances 
by percolation with ether or acetone. 

The official natural oleoresin is copaiba. 



PHARMACY. 123 

Give the official Latin name of those prepared pharma= 
ceutically. 

Oleoresina aspidii, oleoresina capsici, oleoresina piperis, 
oleoresina zingiberis, oleoresina petroselini, oleoresina eubebae. 
Which oleoresin does the Pharmacopoeia direct to be 
agitated when it is dispensed? 
Oleoresina aspidii. 

What oleoresin should be separated from the deposit 
found in it? 

Oleoresina eubebae. 

Copy this formula, adding a proper quantity of each 
ingredient to make eight fluid ounces of a 50 per cent 
emulsion of codliver oil, each tablespoonful to contain 
eight grains of each of the salts. State how you would 
proceed to make the emulsion. 

B Cod-liver oil % jv 

Powd. acacia ,§ j 

Sugar 3 jv 

Calcium hypophosphite gr. cxxvjjj 

Sodium hypophosphite gr. cxxvjjj 

Oil of sassafras 

Oil of gaultheria aa. mvjjj 

Water q. s. ad. % vjjj. 

Place the powdered acacia in a perfectly dry mortar and 
add the oil, mix well ; then add two fluid ounces of water all 
at once; then stir constantly until the whole is emulsified; 
then add remainder of the water in which the hypophosphites 
and sugar are dissolved, and then the flavoring, and make it 
up to desired volume with water. 

Copy this formula: Change the weights into grains and 
state how you would make the troches. What precautions 
are necessary? 

Potassium chlorate in fine powder 30 Gm. = Gr. 462.96 

Sugar in fine powder 120 Gm. = Gr. 1851.84 

Tragacanth in fine powder 6 Gm. = Gr. 92. 592 

Spirit of lemon one mil. = 16. 23 M. 

Make 100 troches. 



124 PHARMACY. 

Mix the sugar with the tragacanth and the spirit of lemon 
by trituration in a mortar ; then transfer to a sheet of paper, 
and by means of a bone spatula mix it with the potassium 
chlorate, being careful to avoid trituration and pressure, so 
as to prevent ignition or an explosion. Add water to form 
the mass, then divide into troches. 

How would this prescription be prepared? 

9 Hydrarg. chlor. mit grs jj 

Pulv. opii grs. jss 

Tr. ver. viride. 

Ext. grindeliae fid. , aa. gtt. xjj 

Tr. aeon rad gtt. xxiv 

Sacch. albi 3 ii. 

M. et ft. chart. No. xjj, dividendi. Sig. — One powder three 
times daily. 

Mix the three liquids with the sugar and evaporate gently 
on a water-bath, using but little heat; then add the remain- 
ing powder and mix well. Divide in 12 equal portions and 
place in powder papers. 

Copy the foISowing prescription, writing out the quan- 
tities in words without abbreviations: 

Quantities. 

Jfc. Tinct. ferri chlor twelve and one-half rails. 12.5 

Sol. ammon. carb sixty mils. CO. 

Sol. acid acetic sixty mils. 60. 

Morph. sulph. . . .two hundred and forty-five milligrammes. .245 

Elixir aromat sixty mils. 60. 

Acidi acetici four and fifteen hundredths mils. 4. 15 

M. ft. mist. sec. art. Sig. — One dessertspoonful every four hours. 

First make your solution of ammon. carbonate by dissolv- 
ing 7 grammes of ammonium carbonate in a sufficient quan- 
tity of distilled water to make 60 Mils., then dilute the acetic 
acid U. S. P., taking 17% Mils, of acid, and adding sufficient 
water to make 60 Mils. Then mix these two solutions, and the 
result is the solution of ammonium acetate U. S. P. Now 
add the acetic acid and mix well, then the tincture of ferric 
chloride, and a bright red liquid is produced, due to the for- 



PHARMACY. 125 

mation of ferric acetate in combination with ammonium ace- 
tate. Then add the aromatic elixir containing the dissolved 
morphine sulphate, and dispense with a "shake well" label. 
It is important that this preparation should be kept distinctly 
acid, this result being produced by keeping in a cool place 
and tightly corked. 

How would you prepare this prescription? 

R. Infus. rad. valerian 15.0 = (150.00) 

Syr. simplicis 30.0 

Sig. — A tablespoonful every o hours. 

Take the valerian root in a coarse powder and place in an 
infusion mug, and add 150 Mils, of boiling water ; then allow 
to macerate for a half-hour; then strain, and add sufficient 
water to make 150 Mils. ; mix this with 30 Mils, of syrup. 

Compound syrup of white pine: 

White pine bark 1050 gr. 

Wild cherry bark 1050 gr. 

Balm gilead buds 140 gr. 

Spikenard root 140 gr. 

Blood root 70 gr. 

Morphine sulph. 6 gr. 

Chloroform 128 minims 

Alcohol 6 oz. 

Water 18 oz. 

White granulated sugar 20 oz. 

Proceed by making 20 fluid ounces of percolate with the 
menstruum of alcohol and water and the vegetable drugs; 
dissolve in this the morphine sulphate ; then add the chloro- 
form previously mixed with one fluid ounce of alcohol; then 
add the sugar and stir until dissolved, the whole to measure 
32 fluid ounces. The vegetable drugs average 45 cents per 
pound; morphine sulphate $2.40 per ounce and chloroform 
60 cents per pound ; alcohol $2.50 per gallon and sugar 6 cents 
per pound ; calculate the cost per pint of the finished product. 

The total powders represent 2,450 grains, f^-fi} X -45 = 
15.75 cents. Six grains of morphine at $2.40 per ounce are 
2.40 ~ 437.5 gr. in one oz. = .5486 X 6 = 3.29+ cents, 



126 PHARMACY. 

cost of morphine. 128 minims of chloroform, specific gravity 
1.40, at 65 cents per pound = 1.6 cents. Six oz. av. of alco- 
hol, specific gravity .820, = 6.676 ounces. e -\\ 6 X 2.50 — 
13.03 cents. 20 oz. sugar at 6 cents per pound = iy 2 cents. 

15. 75 cents cost of powders. 

3.29 cents cost of morphine 

1.6 cents cost of chloroform V To make 3 xxxjj. 

13.03 cents cost of alcohol^. 

7. 5 cents cost of sugar 

41.17 cents -=- 2 = 20.585 cents per pint of finished product. 

$fe. Formin .5 

Mitte talis. Capsules No. L. Sig. — One four times a day. 
How would you dispense the above prescription? 
Send 50 capsules of 5 decigrammes, or about 7% grains 
each. 

Define Mitte. 

Mitte is the imperative of mitto, to send, and means send 
thou. 

Translate talis. 

Talis means of such or a similar kind. 

Give the chemical name of formin. 

The chemical name is hexamethylenetetramine. 

Copy the following prescription, changing grammes and 
millimeters into ounces, grains and minims; also state how 
you would make the mass, and what necessary precautions 
you would take in its manufacture; also how much potas= 
sium chlorate will be contained in each lozenge. 

Potassium chlorate in fine powder. .... 30. 

Sugar in fine powder. 120. 

Tragacanth in fine powder 6. 

Spirit of lemon • 1 mil. 

Water q. s. to make mass and divide into 100 troches. 

Potassium chlorate 463 grains 

Sugar 4 oz. av. 102 grains 

Tragacanth. 93 grains. 

Spirit of lemon 16 minims. 



PHARMACY. 127 

Mix the sugar with the tragacanth and spirit of lemon by 
trituration in a mortar; then transfer the mixture to a sheet 
of paper and, by means of a bone spatula, mix it with the 
potassium chlorate, being careful, by avoiding trituration 
and pressure, to prevent the mixture from igniting or ex- 
ploding. Lastly, with water form a mass and divide into 100 
troches. Each lozenge contains about 5 grains. 

How would you compound the following prescription? 

R. Creosotum (Beechwood) 3Jj 

Aqua distilla § jjj 

M. Sig. — One teaspoonful every 2 hours, in water. 

How much creosote would be contained in each tea= 
spoonful of this mixture? 

This could either be dispensed as a mixture, adding some 
powdered acacia, about 5jj, or an emulsion could be made 
by the further addition of some fixed oil, or alcohol could be 
added until clear solution results. Each teaspoonful equals 
5 minims. 

Calculation: (i) How many fluid ounces in 500 grammes 
of chloroform (spec. grav. 1.474)? 

One fluid ounce of water equals 29.57 Gm. X 1-49 equals 
43.286 Gm., weight of one fluid ounce of chloroform. 500 
divided by 43.286 equals 11.556 + fluid ounces. 

(2) If 500 grammes of chloroform cost $1.05, what will 
one fluid ounce cost? 

$1.05 divided by 11.551 equals 9.09 cents. 

(3) If a pound of chloroform (spec. grav. 1.474) costs 58 
cents, what will one fluid ounce cost? 

455.7 grains (weight of fluid ounce of water) X 1.474 
equals 671.7, weight of chloroform. 58 cents divided by 7000 
(grains in avoirdupois pound) equals .00828 cents per grain; 
671 X .00828 equals 5.55 cents per fluid ounce. 



128 PHARMACY. 

If one pound of ether (spec. grav. 0.713) costs 72 cents, 
what will one fluid ounce cost? 

455.7 X .725 equals 324.51 grains. 72 cents divided by 
7000 equals .0103 cents per grain. 

324.5 X .0103 equals 2.442 cents per ounce. 

(5) If 200 grammes of fluidextract of ipecac cost $3.85, 
what will one fluid ounce cost, if the quantity measures 
nine fluid ounces? 

3.85 divided by 9 equals .4277, or 42.77 cents, for one fluid 
ounce. 

Describe the following drugs as to their physical ap- 
pearance, color, odor and taste: (1) Nitromuriatic acid, 
(2) Diluted nitromuriatic acid, (3) Fuming nitric acid, 
(4) Hydrochloric acid C. P., (5) Spirit of nitrous ether, 
(6) Iron sulphate, (7) Litharge, (8) Calamine (native zinc 
carbonate), (9) Iodoform, (10) Copper sulphate. 

(1) Nitromuriatic acid is a golden yellow, fuming, and 
very corrosive liquid, having a strong odor of chlorine and a 
strongly acid reaction. Its taste is very sour and corrosive 
and highly irritant. 

(2) Diluted nitromuriatic acid is a colorless or faintly yel- 
low liquid, odorless, or having a faint odor of chlorine, and 
a very acid taste and reaction. 

(3) Fuming nitric acid is a light reddish, fuming, and very 
corrosive liquid, possessing a peculiar, somewhat suffocating 
odor, and strongly acid taste and reaction. 

(4) Hydrochloric acid, C. P., is a colorless, fuming liquid 
with a pungent, suffocating odor, intensely acid taste and 
reaction. 

(5) Spirit of nitrous ether is a clear, mobile, volatile and 
inflammable liquid, of a pale straw-color, inclining slightly to 
green. Fragrant, ethereal, pungent odor, free from acridity ; 
sharp, burning taste. 

(6) Iron sulphate occurs in long, pale bluish-green mono- 
clinic prisms, efflorescent in dry air and absorbing oxygen 



PHARMACY. 129 

rapidly on exposure to air, and becoming coated with brown- 
ish-yellow basic ferric sulphate. They are odorless, and have 
a saline, styptic taste and acid reaction. 

(7) Litharge is a heavy, yellowish or reddish-yellow pow- 
der or minute scales. It is odorless and tasteless. Reaction 
faintly alkaline. 

(8) Calamine is a light pinkish or reddish and somewhat 
gritty powder, and it is odorless and tasteless. 

(9) Iodoform is a fine, lemon-yellow powder or lustrous 
crystals, peculiar, very penetrating and persistent odor, un- 
pleasant, sweetish and iodine-like taste. 

(10) Copper sulphate occurs in large, transparent, deep 
blue, triclinic crystals, odorless, nauseous, metallic taste. 

Calculate the weight in grains of 3 pints, 4 fid. ozs. of 
nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.4. Show all figures used in calcula* 
tion. 

454.6 gr. — wgt. of one fid. oz. of water at 25° C. 
1.4 =i sp. gr. of HN0 3 

18184 

4546 



636.44 grs. — wgt. of 1 fid. oz. 

3 pts., 4 fid. ozs. = 3 X 16 + 4 = 52 fid. 

Then 636.44 (weight in grs. of 1 fid. oz.) 
52 



127288 
318220 



33094.88 grains. Ans. 

CHANGES IN THE NEW U. S. P. AND N. F. 
Name five new preparations in the U. S. P. IX. 

Acidum Phenylcinehonieum, Emplastrum Cantharidis, Ex- 
tractum Aconiti, Extractum Fellis Bovis, and Extractum 
Hydrastis. 
9 



130 PHARMACY. 

State the new changes made in five preparations official 
in the U. S. P. VIII. 

Extractum Glycyrrhizae Purum — Working formula 
changed, glycerin being omitted and chloroform water added. 

Extractum Cascarae Sagradae — Title changed from "Ex- 
tractum Rhamni Purshianae"; the glycyrrhiza is omitted, 
and starch and magnesium oxide are added. 

Ceratum Cantharidis — Formula changed by increasing the 
amount of cantharides about 8%, adding 2y 2 % of glacial 
acetic acid, and 15% of oil of turpentine, and increasing the 
amounts of yellow wax, rosin and benzoinated lard ; the liquid 
petrolatum is omitted. 

Collodium Cantharidatum — Acetone now replaces chloro- 
form and glacial acetic acid is added. 

Collodium Flexile — Formula reconstructed and camphor 
replaces Canada turpentine. 

Name five preparations formerly official in the U. S. P. 
VIII which have been transferred to the N. F. IV. 

Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae, Tinctura Ipecacuanhae et Opii, 
Tinctura Vanillae, Trochisci Gambir, and Vinum Antimonii. 

Name five new preparations in the N. F. IV which did 
not appear in the N. F. III. 

Tinctura Cocculi Indici, Tinctura Passiflorae, Tinctura Pul- 
satillae, Trochisci Quininae Tannatis, and Trochisci Phenol- 
phthaleini. 

State the changes in five N. F. preparations appearing 
in the new edition of this work. 

Tinctura Antiperiodica — The prepared chalk and opium 
have been omitted ; quinine sulphate is replaced with an equal 
amount of quinine bisulphate, and extract of aloes is added. 

Tinctura Ferri Citrochloridi — The amount of sodium 
citrate has been increased and the amount of alcohol reduced. 

Tinctura Persionis — The amount of cudbear has been re- 
duced 20%. 



PHARMACY. 131 

Virnim Carnis et Ferri — The tincture of iron eitro-chloride 
has been replaced with iron and ammonium citrate, and am- 
monia water is added to remove acidity. 

Vinum Pruni Virginianae — Sherry wine replaces angelica 
wine. 

THE HARRISON LAW. 
What as the nature of the Harrison Law? 

An internal revenue act of the United States government. 
To what does it apply? 

To regulations relating to the production, importation, 
manufacture, compounding, sale, dispensing, or giving away 
of opium or coca leaves, their salts, derivatives or prepara- 
tions. 

Since when has the law been operative? 

Since March 1st, 1915. 

To what derivatives or preparations of opium and coca 
is the act not applicable? 

To decocainized coca leaves or to preparations made there- 
from, or to other preparations of coca leaves not containing 
cocaine, or to preparations or remedies which do not contain 
more than 2 grains of opium, or more than % grain of mor- 
phine, or more than y 8 grain of heroin, or more than 1 grain 
of codeine, or any salt or derivative of any of them in one 
fluid ounce, or, if a solid or semi-solid preparation, in one 
avoirdupois ounce ; or to liniments, ointments, or other prep- 
arations which are prepared for external use only, except 
liniments, ointments, and other preparations which contain 
cocaine or any of its salts, or alpha or beta eucaine or any of 
their salts, or any synthetic substitute for them. 

What legal requirements must be observed by the phar= 
macist who would compound a prescription coming under 
the Harrison act? 

The prescription must have been signed by the physician, 



132 PHARMACY. 

dentist, or veterinary surgeon who issued it ; it must be dated 
as of the day on which signed; it must bear the registry 
number of the one issuing it as well as the name and address 
of the person for whom it is written; the proprietor of the 
store in which the prescription is to be compounded must be 
registered under the Harrison act. The prescription must be 
placed on a "narcotic" file and kept for two years. 

What persons are required to register under the Har= 
rison act? 

Every person who produces, imports, manufactures, com- 
pounds, deals in, dispenses, sells, distributes or gives away 
opium or coca leaves or any compound, salt, derivative or 
preparation thereof except employees of such persons, acting 
within the scope of his or her employment, provided the per- 
son who employs them has registered and paid the special tax. 

With whom must the dealer in drugs or preparations 
coming under the Harrison act register? 

With the collector of internal revenue of his or her district. 
How often must he register? 
Each year. 

May a narcotic prescription coming under the scope of 
the Harrison act written and filed before this act became 
operative be renewed? 

No, except where such recipe calls for an exempt prepara- 
tion or remedy. 

Is it necessary for a dealer in drugs, coming under the 
scope of the Harrison act, to register separately for each 
place of business wherein these narcotics are kept? 

Yes. 

Can prescriptions coming within the scope of the Har= 
rison act be filled upon telephone orders? Can such pre* 
scriptions be partially filled? 

No. No. 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 



Define pharmacognosy. 

Pharmacognosy (in the broadest sense of the term) is the 
simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with 
the object of acquiring the knowledge of drugs from every 
point of view. As taught in most colleges up to the present, 
it embraces the study of crude drugs and plants or animals 
yielding them. 

State the various forms in which crude drugs are found 
in commerce. 

1. Nearly entire, as fruits, flowers, seeds, and some roots 
and rhizomes. 

2. Cut or sliced, as in fleshy roots and rhizomes, woods and 



3. More or less matted together, as in Chondrus, Digitalis, 
and the leaves of the Solanaceae. 

4. Pressed by means of hydraulic pressure. 

5. Powdered and molded into forms, as "Rhubarb Fin- 
gers". 

6. With periderm removed, as in Ulmus, peeled Calamus, 
and Althaea. 

How may the quality of vegetable drugs be injured? 

By the lack of knowledge or carelessness in collecting them, 
carelessness in drying and keeping them, insufficient care in 
garbling and preparing them for the market, accidental ad- 
mixture in the store, inattention in storing, adulteration and 
substitution, carelessness in preserving them in the store. 

What is meant by " garbling "? 

The separation of foreign substances from a crude drug. 

133 



134 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

When should the following drugs be collected: (i) San- 
guinaria, (2) Piper, (3) Prunus Virginiana, (4) Taraxa- 
cum, (5) Opium? 

(1) After the death of the foliage. 

(2) While unripe. 

(3) In autumn. 

(4) Before the vegetative processes begin in the spring or 
'after these cease, in the fall. 

(5) While the capsules are unripe. 

Why should Conium be gathered while still green, dried 
in the dark and kept unexposed in tight vessels? 

In their green condition Conium fruits contain the max- 
imum quantity of liquid alkaloid (coniine) ; when they be- 
come yellow the alkaloid diminishes in quantity. 

Conium fruits should be dried in the dark and kept unex- 
posed in tight vessels on account of the great volatility of its 
active principle, coniine. 

To what family does each of the following belong: (a) 
Asafoetida, Anisum, (b) Limonis Cortex, Auranti Amari 
Cortex, (c) Belladonna, Capsicum, (d) Humulus, Cannabis 
Indica, (e) Aconitum, Cimicifuga, (f) Rosa Gallica, Rosa 
Centifolia, (g) Mentha Piperita, Mentha Viridis, (h) Stil- 
lingia, Croton Tiglium, (i) Terebinthina, Terebinthina 
Canadensis, (j) Nux Vomica, Gelsemium? 

(a) Umbelliferae. (b) B-utaceae. (c) Solanaceae. (d) 
Moraceae. (e) Kanunculaceae. (f) Kosaceae. (g) Labiatae. 
(h) Euphorbiaceae. (i) Pinaceae. (j) Loganiaceae. 

EUCALYPTUS. 

(a) Give the name of the plant that yields the official 
leaves, (b) Describe the differences between the leaves 
which are official and those obtained from the younger 
portions of the tree, (c) Give the percentage of volatile 
oil that the drug yields and mention its constituents, (d) 
Are there any other species of Eucalyptus that yield an 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 135 

oil resembling that found in the official leaves? (e) What 
is Eucalyptus Kino? (f) Mention several other synon^ 
yms by which it is known, (g) How does it differ from 
Malabar Kino? 

(a) Eucalyptus globulus. 

(b) The official leaves, collected from older parts of the 
tree, are lanceolately scythe-shaped and petiolate, the petioles 
being twisted because of the edge on position these leaves 
assume on the branches. Stomata are found on both surfaces, 
and palisade tissue is found beneath both ventral and dorsal 
epidermis. Leaves from younger parts of the tree are oblong, 
sessile and dorsiventral. Stomata occur only on the dorsal 
epidermis. 

(c) 3 to 6%. Eucalyptol (60%), d-pinene, resins, a neu- 
tral bitter principle, tannic acid, eucalyptic acid and calcium 
oxalate. 

(d) Yes. E. polyanthena, E. resinifera, E. cinerea, etc. 

(e) The inspissated juice of Eucalyptus rostrata and other 
species of Eucalyptus. 

(f) Red Gum, Australian Kino, Eucalyptus Gum. 

(g) Eucalyptus Kino occurs in fragments of a ruby or 
garnet-red color which are not as brittle as those of Malabar 
Kino. Malabar Kino occurs in reddish-black fragments. 
About 80% of Eucalyptus Kino is soluble in cold water, the 
solution having a neutral reaction. Malabar Kino is only 
sparingly soluble in cold water, and its solution has an acid 
reaction. 

NUX VOMICA. 

(a) Give two common names of the plant, (b) State its 
habitat, (c) Discuss the macroscopic and microscopic 
characteristics of the drug, (d) Describe the important 
differences between Nux Vomica and Ignatia seeds, (e) 
State the constituents in each of these drugs. 

(a) Quaker Button, Dog Button. 

(b) East Indies, Malabar Coast, N. Australia, Ceylon. 



136 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

(c) Macroscopic characteristics: The seeds are orbicular, 
compressed, occasionally irregularly bent; outer surface 
grayish-yellow or grayish-green, covered with hairs giving the 
seed a satiny luster. The hilum is in the center of one side, 
and a more or less distinct ridge extends from it to the micro- 
pyle. The texture is very hard when dry, tough when damp. 
Internally the seed is whitish and exhibits a horny endosperm 
in two concavo-convex halves and a small embryo with two 
heart-shaped cotyledons, situated near the micropyle. In- 
odorous. Taste intensely and persistently bitter. 

Microscopic characteristics: The seed-coat consists of a 
peripheral layer of thick-walled, liquified, porous epidermal 
cells which are extended into long, greatly liquified hairs, and 
an underlying layer of dark brown, collapsed, parenchyme 
cells, which in the region of the raphe are swollen and enclose 
a fibro-vascular bundle. The endosperm, beneath, consists of 
thick-walled cells whose walls are composed of cellulose, and 
when examined in a chloral mount exhibit lamellae and a 
radiate porous structure. "Within these endosperm cells one 
finds an irregular layer of protoplasm enclosing globules of 
fixed oil and aleurone grains. 

(d) Nux Vomica seeds are orbicular, compressed and con- 
cavo-convex in outline and covered with liquified hairs; while 
Ignatia seeds are pebble-like in outline and nearly free from 
liquified hairs. 

(e) Nux Vomica contains 1.5 to 5% of alkaloids, consist- 
ing of strychnine and brucine, of which % to y 2 of this amount 
is strychnine. 

Ignatia contains about the same amount of total alkaloids 
as Nux Vomica, of which y 3 to % is strychnine. 

GAMBIR. 

(a) State what Gambir is and describe it. (b) Why was 
it made official? (c) From what it is obtained? (d) Give 
the pharmacopoeia! limit of ash after incineration, (e) 
Name its constituents, (f) Give its official synonym. 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 137 

(a) A dried extract prepared from decoctions of leaves 
and twigs. Irregularly cubical or rectangular pieces, pale 
grayish brown to reddish brown externally ; the fracture dull 
and porous; friable; internally of a light brown or earthy 
color; inodorous; taste bitter and very astringent. 

(b) To replace Catechu, since Gambir can be obtained of a 
more uniform quality. 

(e) Ourouparia Gambir (Fam. Kubiaceae). 

(d) Not more than 9% of ash. 

(e) Catechutannic acid, catechin, a fluorescent principle, 
catechu red. 

(f) Pale Catechu. 

Give the botanical origin and family of each of the fol- 
lowing drugs: (a) Black Catechu, (b) Pleurisy Root, (c) 
Gold Thread, (d) Pellitory, (e) Cloves, (f) Quebracho, (g) 
Indian Tobacco, (h) Pomegranate, (i) Allspice, (j) Malt. 

(a) Acacia catechu. Leguminosae. 

(b) Asclepias tuberosa. Asclepiadaceae. 

(c) Coptis trifolia. Ranunculaceae. 

(d) Anacyclus pyre thrum. Compositae. 

(e) Eugenia aromatica. Myrtaceae. 

(f) Aspidosperma quebracho-blancho. Apocynaceae. 

(g) Lobelia inflata. Lobeliaceae. 
(h) Punica granatum. Punicaceae. 
(i) Pimenta officinalis. Myrtaceae. 
(j) Hordeum sativum. Gramineae. 

ACACIA. 

(i) Give the botanical origin of acacia. (2) State how 
it is formed in the plant. (3) What are the commercial 
varieties? (4) Describe the official article. (5) Mention 
three important tests. (6) How is acacia distinguished 
from mesquite gum? (7) Mention the important const it ~ 
uents of acacia. 

(1) Acacia Senega and other African species of Acacia 
(Fam. Leguminosae). 



138 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

(2) By the action of a ferment on the cell contents. 

(3) Kordofan, "Turke}' sorts," "Trieste picked." Kor- 
dofan gum is considered the best. 

(4) In rounded tears or angular fragments of various 
sizes; externally whitish or yellow- white, with many minute 
fissures ; translucent ; very brittle, with a glass-like, sometimes 
iridescent fracture ; almost inodorous ; taste mucilaginous. It 
is insoluble in alcohol but readily soluble in cold water, the 
solution being adhesive and possessing an acid reaction. 

(5) Ten Mils, of a 10% solution does not yield a gelatinous 
precipitate with 0.2 Mil. of normal lead acetate solution. 

A cold solution does not give a bluish or reddish color with 
iodine. 

A cold solution does not give a brownish black precipitate 
with solutions of ferric chloride. 

(6) The tears or fragments of Acacia are white to yellow- 
ish white, while those of Mesquite gum are light yellowish- 
brown to dark brown. Ten Mils, of a 10% solution of acacia 
is precipitated by 0.1 Mil. of a test solution of ferric chloride, 
while a solution of the same strength of Mesquite gum is not. 

(7) Arabic acid in combination with calcium, magnesium 
and potassium. 

SOUTH AMERICAN DRUGS. 

(i) Name five organic drugs obtained from South Amer- 
ica. (2) State the natural origin of each of these. (3) 
What part of the plant or animal yields the article? 

(1) (a) Pilocarpus, (b) Guarana, (c) Copaiba, (d) Coca, 
(e) Quillaja. 

(2) (a) Pilocarpus jaborandi and Pilocarpus microphyllus 
(Fam. Rutaceae). (b) Paullinia cupana (Fam. Sapindaceae). 

.(c) Copaiba langsdorffi and other South American species of 
Copaiba (Fam. Leguminosae). (d) Erythroxylon coca and 
Erythroxylon truxillense (Fam. Erythroxyllaceae). (e) Quil- 
laja saponaria (Fam. Rosaceae). 

(3) (a) leaflets; (b) paste of crushed seeds; (c) oleoresdn; 
(d) leaves; (e) inner bark. 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 139 

CAPSICUM. 

(i) Give the U. S. P. definition of capsicum. (2) State 
the source of the commercial supply. (3) Give standards 
for purity. (4) Mention the important constituents. (5) 
What portions of the fruit contain the extremely pungent 
principle? (6) State how the official drug differs from the 
garden or pod-pepper. (7) What is the difference between 
capsicum and paprika or Spanish pepper? (8) How is the 
presence of capsicum detected in ginger and black pepper? 

(1) The dried ripe fruits of Capsicum frutescens (Fam. 
Solanaceae), without the presence or admixture of more than 
2% of stems, calyxes or other foreign matter. 

(2) British Bast Africa. 

(3) It should yield not less than 15% of non-volatile ex- 
tractive, soluble in ether. It should yield not more than 7% 
of ash. 

(4) Capsaicin, capsacutin, a volatile alkaloid. 

(5) The dissepiments. 

(6) It is much smaller and has a thinner pericarp. A sur- 
face section of the epicarp of the official drug shows quadri- 
lateral cells arranged in distinct longitudinal rows, while a 
similar section of garden pepper exhibits polygonal cells not 
arranged in rows. The official drug shows no collenchyme 
tissue beneath the epicarp ; garden or pod pepper does. 

(7) Capsicum (Cayenne Pepper) is yielded by Capsicum 
frutescens, while Paprika is yielded by a variety — Capsicum 
annuum growing in Hungary and Spanish Paprika (Pimi- 
ento) by a variety of Capsicum annuum growing in Spain. 

(8) By the presence of the characteristic sinuous intestine 
cells of the outer epidermis of the seed coat. 

STROPHANTHUS. 

(1) Gave the U. S. P. definition of strophanthus. (2) 
Name the habitat of the plant yielding it. (3) Write a 
macroscopical description of the drug. (4) Write a micro- 



140 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

scopical description of it. (5) What micro=chemical test 
is there for the valuation of strophantus? (6) What is 
its active principle? (7) What characteristic reaction does 
it give? (8) Where, and in what part of the drug is this 
principle localized? (9) Name an adulterant for strophan- 
tus and tell how you would determine its presence in the 
official article. 

(1) The dried, ripe seeds of Strophantus kombe, or of 
Strophanthus hispidus (Fam. Apocynaceae), deprived of 
their long awns. 

(2) East Africa. 

(3) Lance-ovoid, flattened and obtusely edged; externally 
of light fawn-color tinged with green, silky lustrous from a 
dense covering of appressed hairs (S. kombe) ; or brownish, 
nearly smooth and slightly hairy (S. hispidus), bearing on 
one side a ridge running from the center to the summit ; frac- 
ture short and soft, the fractured surface whitish and oily; 
odor heavy upon crushing and moistening; taste extremely 
bitter. 

(4) In microscopic sections, Strophanthus kombe exhibits 
a seed coat of several layers of somewhat collapsed, thin- walled 
cells from the epidermis of which arise numerous more or 
less bent simple, unicellular hairs, thin-walled except at their 
base, which is liquified ; in the raphe is found a flbro-vascular 
bundle having a number of spiral tracheae; endosperm of 
.from 9-30 rows of more or less polygonal cells containing 
aleurone grains, fixed oils and strophanthin ; in the center 
occur two large plano-convex cotyledons, having a distinct 
epidermal layer, a few fibro-vaseular bundles and numerous 
parenchyme cells containing aleurone grains, a fixed oil, and 
occasionally a small amount of strophanthin. 

(5) Sections of the seed mounted in H 2 S0 4 should become 
green in their endosperm and occasionally their cotyledonary 
regions. 

( 6 ) Strophanthin ( a glucoside ) . 

(7) H,S0 4 imparts to it a bright green color. 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 141 

(8) Mainly in the endosperm but occasionally in the coty- 
ledons. 

(9) The seeds of Strophanthus gratus. I would recognize 
it by its spindle-shaped outline, its light yellow to orange- 
brown color, its very few hairs, and by the cells of its endo- 
sperm, when treated in section on a slide with H 2 S0 4 becom- 
ing reddish, changing later to violet. 

In what kind of containers should the following be kept; 
give your reasons, and also state how long they should be 
kept and under what conditions: (i) Digitalis, (2) Ergot, 
(3) Taraxacum, (4) Green ginger, (5) powdered orris root, 
(6) Cantharides, (7) Ground flaxseed, (8) Cascara Sagrada, 
(9) Coriander, (10) Berberis? 

(1) In tight tin cans or wide-mouthed bottles protected 
from light on account of tendency to deteriorate. The drug 
should not be kept longer than a year unless there is evidence 
to show that it has been properly selected and dried prior to 
its appearance in the store. If this is the case it can be kept 
indefinitely. 

(2) Protected from light in tightly-closed containers to 
which a few drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride are 
added from time to time to prevent attacks by insects. The 
drug deteriorates wtih age, especially when powdered, and 
should not be kept longer than a year unless the oil is at first 
extracted. 

(3) In tightly-closed containers, to which a few drops of 
chloroform or carbon tetrachloride should be added, from 
time to time, to prevent the development of insects. Taraxa- 
cum is greatly susceptible to both mold and insect develop- 
ment. It should be kept in a well-dried condition in tight 
containers on account of the ubiquity of the mold spores, 
which germinate rapidly under the influence of moisture and 
warmth, producing hyphae which penetrate the tissues of the 
drug secreting ferments which cause its deterioration. May 
be kept several years under above conditions. 



142 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

(4) In tightly-closed containers because the drug contains 
considerable volatile oil which later becomes changed to an 
alcohol insoluble rosin, and on account of attacks by insects. 
It should not be kept longer than a few months. 

(5) Powdered orris root should be kept in tightly-stoppered 
bottles, to which a few drops of carbon tetrachloride are 
added, from time to time, to prevent the development of in- 
sects, which cause deterioration. May be kept indefinitely. 

(6, 7, 8, 9, 10) In air-tight containers to which a few drops 
of chloroform are added, from time to time, to prevent the 
development of insects, which cause deterioration of these 
drugs. So preserved, they may be kept indefinitely. 

Give the Latin name and botanical origin of the follow- 
ing: (i) Yellow Jasmine, (2) Stavesacre, (3) Couch=grass, 
(4) Sweet Flag, (5) Bloodroot, (6) Saw Palmetto, (7) 
Bitter Apple, (8) Henbane, (9) German Chamomille, (10) 
Roman Chamomille. 

(1) Gelsemium. Gelsemium sempervirens. 

(2) Staphisagria. Delphinium staphisagria. 

(3) Triticum. Agropyron repens. 

(4) Calamus. Acorus calamus. 

(5) Sanguinaria. Sanguinaria canadensis. 

(6) Sabal. Serenoa serrulata. 

(7) Colocynthis. Citrullus colocynthis. 

(8) Hyoscyamus. Hyoscyamus niger. 

(9) Matricaria. Matricaria Chamomilla. 

(10) Anthemis. Anthemia nobilis. 

RHUBARB. 

(1) Give the U. S. P. definition of rhubarb. (2) Describe 
the plants yielding it and state where they grow. (3) 
How is the drug prepared for market and what are the 
principal commercial varieties? (4) Write a macroscop- 
ical description of the drug. (5) Give the characteristics 
of inferior rhubarb. (6) Give the important constituents 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 143 

of rhubarb. (7) State how these constituents are related 
to each other. (8) How does English or Austrian rhubarb 
differ from the official drug? (9) What are some of the 
adulterants of powdered rhubarb? 

(1) The rhizomes and roots of Rheum officinale, Kheum 
palmatum, and the variety tanguticum (Fam. Polygonaceae), 
and probably other species of Rheum grown in China and 
Thibet, deprived of most of the bark tissues and carefully 
dried. 

(2) Rheum officinale of southern China is a perennial herb 
whose underground portion consists of a vertical fleshy rhi- 
zome bearing a number of fleshy roots. The rhizome gives 
rise to an above-ground stem which bears a long-petioled, cor- 
date or orbicular leaves below, having the petiole channeled 
on the upper surface. Upon the upper portion of this stem 
is borne the paniculate inflorescence. 

Rheum palmatum of northern China is similar in many 
respects to Rheum officinale but differs from it mainly by 
having deeply lobed or incised leaves. Rheum palmatum var. 
tanguticum resembles R. palmatum but exhibits a deeper 
lobing of the leaf-blades. All of these plants are about twice 
the size of our garden rhubarb. 

(3) The rhizomes and roots are collected in autumn from 
8 to 10-year-old plants; most of the bark tissues are re- 
moved. They are then dried by the sun or by artificial heat. 
Occasionally the rhizomes are perforated and strung on ropes 
to facilitate drying. 

The principal commercial varieties are known as Canton 
rhubarb, Chinese rhubarb and Shensi rhubarb. 

(4) In subcylindrical, barrel-shaped, plano-convex, conical 
or irregularly formed pieces, occasionally with perforations; 
hard and moderately heavy; outer surfaces yellowish brown, 
mottled with alternating, longitudinal striae of grayish white 
parenehyme and reddish or reddish-brown medullary rays; 
small stellate groups of fibro-vascular tissue and occasionally 
reddish brown cork patches, smooth and sometimes covered 



144 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

with a brownish yellow powder; fracture uneven and gran- 
ular, the fractured surfaces presenting a marbled appear- 
ance ; odor characteristic ; taste slightly bitter and astringent, 
gritty when chewed and tingeing the saliva yellow. 

(5) Inferior rhubarb consists of specimens which are either 
comparatively light in weight or show a hollow or dark cen- 
tral area; the latter constitute what is known as "black- 
hearted" rhubarb. 

(6) Chrysophanic acid, emodin, rhein. 

(7) These constituents are exidation products of a gluco- 
side or undetermined substance which yields successively 
chrysophanic acid (di-oxy-methyl-anthraquinone), emodin 
(tri-oxy-methyl-anthraquinone), and rhein (tetra-oxy-methyl- 
anthraquinone). 

(8) English or Austrian rhubarb is yielded by Rheum 
rhaponticum. It differs from the official drug by its frac- 
tured surface being distinctly radiate and by containing be- 
sides chrysophanic acid, a constituent called rhapontin. 

(9) Exhausted drug, wheat middlings, turmeric. 

BENZOIN. 

(a) Give the U. S. P. synonym, (b) How is the commer- 
cial article obtained? (c) What is the origin of it in the 
tree, (d) Why does the commercial product vary to some 
extent? (e) What are the two principal commercial vari- 
eties? (f) How do these differ in appearance and chem= 
ical constitution? (g) How would you prepare benzoic 
acid from the resin, and how does it differ from the acid 
made synthetically? 

(a) Gum Benjamin. 

(b) By making incisions in the bark of Styrax benzoin and 
probably other species of Styrax. 

(c) Apparenty as a pathological product due to an injury 
of the trees as a result of incising the bark. 

(d) Becaused it is obtained from trees of different ages. 
The youngest trees yield the best product. 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 145 

(e) Sumatra and Siam benzoin. 

(f) Sumatra benzoin appears on the market in irregular 
masses composed of yellowish or reddish brown tears of dif- 
ferent sizes and a reddish brown and translucent or grayish 
brown and opaque matrix, while Siam benzoin appears in the 
form of yellowish brown or rust-brown pebble-like tears of 
variable size. Sumatra benzoin contains cinnamic acid and 
0.1 to 1% of vanillin, while Siam benzoin does not contain 
cinnamic acid and contains 0.15 to 1.5% of vanillin. 

(g) By sublimation. It has a more pleasant odor. 

CARDAMON. 

(i) Give the U. S. P. definition of the drug. (2) State 
the countries in which it is grown. From what kind of 
plants is it obtained? (3) Describe the collection and 
preparation of the drug for the market. (4) What are the 
two principal commercial varieties and state two points of 
difference between them? (5) In what layer of the seeds 
is the volatile oil contained? (6) Name the active prin= 
ciple and state the amount present in the seeds and peri= 
carp. (7) What are Bastard Cardamoms? (8) Is starch 
present in Cardamomi Semen? If so, in what cells is it 
located? 

(1) The dried seeds of Elettaria cardamomum (Fam. Zin- 
giberaeeae), recently removed from the capsules. 

(2) Indo-China and Ceylon. From wild plants. 

(3) The capsules are gathered in autumn either by cutting 
the full-grown fruits from the rachis as they ripen or by re- 
moving the entire spike, when some of the fruits have ma- 
tured. They are bleached by exposure to the sun or by 
sulphurous acid fumes. 

(4) Malabar and Mysore Cardamon. The capsules of Mal- 
abar Cardamon are for the most part broadly ellipsoidal and 
contain 15 to 18 seeds, while those of Mysore Cardamon are 
generally ovoid and contain 9 to 12 seeds. 

(5) In the oil cell layer, which is the third layer of cells 
10 



146 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

passing inward from the arillus. It lies between the pigment 
layer and the layer of stone cells. 

(6) Volatile oil, 4 to 5% in seeds; about 0.2% in pericarp. 

(7) Bastard Cardamons are inferior fruits obtained from 
one or more species of Amomum. 

(8) Yes. In the cells of the perisperm and endosperm. 

ERGOTA. 

(i) Give the U. S. P. definition of the drug. (2) Describe 
its macroscopic characteristics. (3) Give the life history 
of Claviceps purpurea. (4) What countries supply most of 
the drug? (5) Name its most important constituents. 

(1) The carefully dried sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea 
(Fam. Hypocreaceae), replacing the grains of rye, Secale 
cereale (Fam. Graminese), without the presence or admixture 
of more than 5% of seeds, fruits, or other foreign matter. 

(2) A cylindraceous, somewhat obscurely three-angled and 
curved sclerotium; externally purplish- or brownish-black, 
longitudinally furrowed ; fracture short, exhibiting a pinkish, 
reddish- or grayish-white interior ; odor peculiar and disagree- 
able; taste oily and disagreeable. 

(3) Through the agency of winds or insects the spores 
(ascospores or conidia) of this organism are brought to the 
young ovaries of the rye (Secale cereale). They germinate 
into long filaments called hyphae, which, becoming entangled 
to form a mycelium, spread over the ovary, enter it super- 
ficially, secrete a ferment, and cause decomposition of its 
tissue and the resultant formation of a yellow mucus sub- 
stance called honey-dew, which surrounds chains of monili- 
form reproductive bodies known as conidia. The honey-dew 
attracts insects, which disseminate the disease to other heads 
of grain. 

The mycelial threads penetrate deeper into the ovary and 
soon form a dense tissue, which gradually consumes the en- 
tire substance of the ovary and hardens into a purple, some- 
what curved body called a sclerotium, or official ergot — the 
resting stage of the fungus, Claviceps. 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 147 

The ergot falls to the ground and in the following spring 
sprouts, forming several heads. Each head (ascocarp) has 
imbedded in its surface numerous flask-shaped perithecia 
from the bases of which asci develop. Within each ascus 
eight thread-like ascospores are produced, which, upon the 
rupture of the ascus, are discharged and carried by winds to 
other fields of grain. 

(4) Eussia, Spain and Germany. The Eussian drug is 
considered the best. 

(5) Ergotoxine and ergotinine. 

GINGER. 

(i) Name the important commercial varieties of ginger. 
(2) What variety does the U. S. P. intend shall be used in 
making all of the official preparations excepting the oleo= 
resin? (3) Describe two of the official commercial 
varieties. (4) Describe the cells in which the active con= 
stituents are localized. (5) In what manner does ginger 
deteriorate on keeping, and to what extent can this de= 
terioration be seen on examining a cross section of the! 
drug? (6) State what is used to adulterate powdered gin- 
ger, and give the characteristics of the adulterants; also 1 
tell how each may be detected. (7) Name the important 
constituents of the drug. 

(1) Jamaica, African, Calcutta, Calicut, Cochin, Japanese. 

(2) Jamaica. 

(3) Jamaica Ginger — Ehizomes in horizontal, laterally 
compressed, digitately-branehed pieces, free from the outer 
cortical layers; externally pale buff to light brown, longitu- 
dinally striate, ends of branches with depressed stem scars; 
fracture short-fibrous, mealy and resinous; internally yellow- 
ish to light brown, cortex thin, endodermis a narrow yellowish 
layer enclosing a large central cylinder with numerous groups 
of closed collateral and concentric fibro-vascular bundles and 
yellowish secretion sacs containing oil; odor aromatic; taste 
aromatic and pungent. 



US PHARMACOGNOSY. 

African Ginger — Rhizomes with cork partly removed on 
the flattened sides; externally of a light- to grayish-brown 
color ; fracture short or short fibrous ; internally lemon-yellow 
or dark bluish with yellow oil cells and reddish-brown resin 
cells ; odor strongly aromatic ; taste intensely pungent. 

(4) The cells in which the active principles are found are 
known as oil cells. These are irregularly rounded cells as 
viewed in cross-section and about 2y 2 times as long as broad 
when examined in longitudinal section. They have suberized 
walls and contain yellowish or yellowish-brown contents of 
an oily nature. 

(5) As the drug ages, the volatile oil in the oil cells be- 
comes transformed into an orange-red, resinous substance 
which is insoluble in 95% or absolute alcohol. The extent of 
deterioration can be readily seen by mounting a thin cross- 
section of the drug in strong alcohol and examining under a 
microscope for the relative number of oil cells with undis- 
solved, highly-colored contents. 

(6) Exhausted' ginger, wheat middlings, powdered capsi- 
cum, ground soap bark, ground endocarp of olive. 

Ginger exhausted by means of water may be detected in the 
sample by the presence of altered ginger starch grains. 

Wheat middlings may readily be detected by the presence 
of "cross cells" with beaded side walls, hairs of beard of the 
grain with lumen thinner than the walls and characteristic 
lenticular-shaped wheat starch grains. 

Powdered capsicum, if present, may be determined by the 
presence of elongated sclerenchymatous wavy-walled cells of 
its endocarp. 

Ground soap bark can be recognized by the presence of 
characteristic long prisms of calcium oxalate. 

Ground endocarp of olive, if present, may be detected by 
its characteristic thick-walled stone cells of numerous shapes. 

(7) Volatile oil, gingerol (hot pungent principle), two 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 149 

VALERIANA. 
(i) Give official definition. (2) What country furnishes 
the best commercial supply? (3) In what cells is the 
volatile oil found? (4) Name the important constituents 
of the volatile oil. 

(1) The dried rhizomes and roots of Valeriana officinalis 
(Fam. Valerianacese). 

(2) England. 

(3) In the suberized secretion cells of the sub-epidermal 
layer for the most part, but also in a few of the cortical paren- 
chyme cells near the sub-epidermal layer. 

(4) Bornyl valerate, formate, acetate, butyrate, borneol, 
pinene. 

(1) Name five drugs or foods which contain caffeine. 
(2) Mention the botanical origin of each. 

(1) (a) Coffee, (b) tea, (c) guarana, (d) cacao, and (e) 
cola. 

(2) (a) Coffea arabica (Fam. Rubiaceae). (b) Thea sinen- 
sis viridis and Thea sinensis Bohea (Fam. Theaceae). (c) 
Paullinia Cupana (Fam. Sapindaceae). (d) Theobroma cacao 
(Fam. Sterculiaceae). (e) Cola acuminata (Fam. Sterculi- 
aceae). 

OPIUM. 

(1) Mention two synonyms for this drug. (2) Describe 
the plants that yield it. (3) In what countries is the drug 
cultivated for its milk juice? (4) Give the official defini«= 
tion of opium. (5) Why should it be collected from un- 
ripe capsules. (6) For what are mature poppy capsules 
used in pharmacy? (7) What name is applied to the 
seeds, and what are their uses? (8) Give a macroscopic 
description of opium. (9) What are the characteristics of 
the powdered drug? (10) Name five alkaloids found in 
the drug. (11) Mention five substances with which opium 
has been adulterated. 

(1) Gum Opium, Succus Thebaicus. 



150 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

(2) Annuals, each with thick, branching, yellow root which 
gives rise above ground to a thick, branching stem which bears 
in alternate fashion along its course many clasping, oval, 
dull green, variously lobed and toothed leaves, and upon the 
summit of each branch a single flower, variously colored 
(Papaver somniferum) or white or silver- gray (Pap aver 
somniferum var. album). Each flower consists of two cadu- 
cous sepals, four petals, numerous stamens, and a nearly 
globular carpel consisting of a smooth ovary which subtends 
a radiate stigma. The fruit is a capsule, which dehisces by 
terminal pores and contains numerous very small reniform 
seeds. 

(3) Asia Minor, European Turkey, China, India, and 
Turkey. 

(4) The air-dried, milky exudation obtained by incising 
the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum and its variety 
album (Fam. Papaveraceae), and yielding, in its normal, 
moist condition, not less than 9.5% of anhydrous morphine. 

(5) Because morphine, the most valuable active principle, 
is present in largest amount during the green (unripe) stage 
of capsule development. As the capsules ripen the morphine 
content diminishes, while that of narcotine and codeine in- 
creases. 

(6) For making an extract, syrup or decoction, or as a 
diluent by admixture with powdered opium of a higher mor- 
phine percentage, in order to bring it within the required 
limits. 

(7) Maw Seeds. They are used for their fixed oil, which 
is employed as a food; in making expressed cake for cattle; 
in their unexpressed condition as a food for birds. 

(8) In sjherical or irregular, flattened or plano-convex 
masses of variable size; externally grayish-brown, covered 
with remnants of poppy leaves and at times with some fruits 
of a species of Runiex adhering from the packing; more or 
less plastic when fresh, becoming hard and brittle on keeping ; 
internally dark brown, granular, somewhat lustrous; odor 
characteristic, narcotic ; taste bitter, characteristic. 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 151 

(9) Light brown; KOH or glycerin mounts showing nu- 
merous brownish masses of protoplasm-like latex ; thick- walled 
polygonal cells of epidermis of capsule; fragments of epider- 
mis of Rumex leaves with their elliptical stomata; short, 
wavy- walled sclerenchyme fibers and spiral tracheae of Rumex 
fruits. 

(10) Morphine, codeine, narcotine, narceine, thebaine. 

(11) Sand, bullets, gum tragacanth, stones, starch. 

CINCHONA. 

(i) Give the three official synonyms for this drug. (2) 
What is its botanical origin and family? (3) State the 
habitat of plants yielding it. (4) From what countries do 
we get our commercial supply of the drug? (5) Name five 
constituents. (6) What is the difference between the; 
root bark and the stem bark and for what purposes is the 
root bark employed? (7) What is meant by (a) " mossed 
bark," (b) "renewed bark," (c) " Tambla bark?" (8) 
How would you distinguish this drug from red cinchona? 
(9) What characteristic elements are found in powdered 
cinchona? (10) To what constituent is the red color of 
the bark due? 

(1) Yellow Cinchona, Calisaya Bark, Yellow Peruvian 
Bark. 

(2) Cinchona Ledgeriana, Cinchona Calisaya, and hybrids 
of these with other species of Cinchona (Fam. Rubiaceae). 

(3) South America. 

(4) Java, India, Jamaica, Mexico, and the Portuguese pos- 
sessions of northwest Africa. 

(5) Quinine, quinidine, quinamine, cinchonine, cinch oni- 
dine. 

(6) The root bark is richer in quinine and other alkaloids 
than the stem bark. It is employed for the extraction of the 
alkaloids. 

(7) "Mossed bark" is bark removed from parts of the 
trunk which were previously covered with moss, leaves, or 



152 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

other materials to shut out the sun's rays and so increase the 
production of quinine. 

"Renewed bark" is bark very rich in alkaloids, which de- 
veloped in areas on the trunk after they were denuded by the 
stripping off of the virgin bark and subsequently covered. 

Tainbla or "flat" bark consists of the cork and some of the 
cortex of the trunk, flattened out and dried under pressure. 

(8) Externally, Cinchona (if outer bark is present) would 
show numerous intersecting transverse and longitudinal fis- 
sures having nearly vertical sides, while Red Cinchona would 
show only occasionally transverse fissures which would rarely 
be numerous or much intersected and have their sides sloping. 
The color of the inner surface of Cinchona would be light 
cinnamon -brown ; that of Red Cinchona, reddish or orange- 
brown. Under the microscope very few starch grains would 
be found in Cinchona, while in Red Cinchona many more and 
larger ones would be seen. 

(9) Yellowish, spindle-shaped bast fibers having strongly 
liquefied, lamellated walls and slit-like, oblique pores, and 
from 0.3 to 1.35 mm. in length; parenchyme cells with red- 
dish-brown tannin masses; sphenoidal micro-crystals of cal- 
cium oxalate. 

(10) To an oxydase. 

UMBELLIFEROUS FRUITS. 

(i) State the kind of fruits common to the Umbelliferae. 
(2) Give the Latin official names and botanical origin of 
five of them. (3) How do the fruits of the Anise plant 
differ from those of the Poison Hemlock? (4) Name the 
important active principle found in each of five volatile 
oils obtained from plants of the Umbelliferae. (5) De- 
scribe the microscopic characteristics of Fennel " Seed." 

(1) Cremocarps. 

(2) Anisum — Pimpinella anisum. Carum — Carum carvi. 
Coriandrum — Coriandrum sativum. Foeniculum — Foenicu- 
lum vulgare. Petroselinum — Petroselinum sativum. 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 153 

(3) The mericarps of Anisum are usually coherent, while 
those of the Poison Hemlock are usually separated. Anisum 
has short, unicellular hairs growing from the epidermis but 
no coniine is present, while Poison Hemlock fruits are devoid 
of hairs and contain coniine. In the mesocarp region of the 
mericarp, Anisum shows two large vittae on the commissural 
face and 30 to 45 vittae on the dorsal side, while Poison Hem- 
lock fruits are entirely devoid of vittae. 

(4) Anethol in oil of anise; carvol in oil of caraway; phel- 
landrene in oil of fennel ; coriandrol in oil of coriander ; apiol 
in oil of parsley fruit. 

(5) In transverse section passing from periphery toward 
the center one notes the following structures: An epicarp of 
colorless cells ; a mesocarp of several layers of thin-walled calls 
followed by several layers of thick-walled, brownish cells, 
within which region one notes the fibro-vascular bundles sit- 
uated below the ribs and the vittae between them. On the 
commissural side occur two vittae, while on the dorsal one 
a vitta is found between each of the ribs (as many as eight 
vittae may occur in one mericarp) ; endocarp of a layer of 
transversely elongated cells; seed coat firmly adherent to the 
endocarp, and consisting of a layer of broad outer cells and 
several layers of more or less collapsed cells ; endosperm large 
and reniform in shape, and consisting of many polygonal cells 
which are filled with aleurone grains containing rosette aggre- 
gates of calcium oxalate and a thin protoplasmic layer con- 
taining fixed oil. The entire section of the mericarp has a 
pentagonal outline. 

ACONITUM. 

(i) State the U. S. P. definition. (2) Describe the plant 
yielding it and state its habitat. (3) Give the macroscopic 
characteristics of the drug. (4) Describe its appearance! 
in transverse section. (5) In what part of the drug are 
most of its active principles found? (6) Name the active 
principles. (7) What kind of tubers should be rejected? 



154 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

(8) How is the official article distinguished from Japanese 
and Indian aconite? (9) How do the active constituents 
of Japanese and Indian aconite differ from those of Aconi= 
turn U. S. P? (10) From what countries do we obtain our 
commercial supplies of aconite. 

(1) The dried tuberous roots of Aconitum Napellus (Fam. 
Eanunculaceae), without the presence or admixture of more 
than 5% of stems or other foreign matter, and yielding not 
less than 0.5% of the ether-soluble alkaloids of Aconite. 

(2) A perennial herb indigenous to Europe, Asia and west- 
ern North America. Its underground portion consists of a 
conical, tapering, tuberous root from which arises an aerial 
stem bearing palmately-divided leaves and a panicle of irreg- 
ular blue flowers. The five sepals are the most conspicuous 
parts of the flower, the posterior upper ones being large and 
helmet-shaped. The fruit is a follicle containing numerous 
seeds. 

(3) Shape — Conical or fusiform. 

External appearance — Dark brown, smooth or longitudi- 
nally wrinkled, the summit or crown showing stem scars, a 
bud, or bud-scale remnants, the surface elsewhere marked at 
various points by whitish root scars. 

Fracture — Short, horny or mealy. 

Internal appearance — Whitish or light brown, exhibiting 
five- to seven-angled cambium. 

Odor— Slight. 

Taste — Sweetish, soon becoming acrid and developing a 
tingling sensation followed by a sensation of numbness. 

(4) A transverse section made through the tuberous root 
near its middle shows a cork region of one or more layers of 
blackish or brownish cells ; a broad cortex of two regions, viz. : 
a narrower and a wider zone. The narrow zone consists of 
from 8 to 15 layers of parenchyme cells, interspersed among 
which are numerous irregular-shaped characteristic stone cells. 
Separating this zone from the broader one is an endodermis 
of a single layer of tangentially elongated endodermal cells. 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 155 

The wider zone consists of about 20 layers of parenchyme 
cells. Next, a five- to seven-angled cambium, within the angles 
of which occur collateral fibro-vascular bundles. In the 
center occurs a broad pith composed of parenchyme cells. 
The cells of both cortex and pith contain single or two to five 
compound starch grains and active principles. 

(5) In the cortex just outside of the angles of the cambium. 

(6) Aconitine, napelline, aconitic acid. 

(7) The shrunken, hollow, older tubers. 

(8) The official aconite is larger than Japanese aconite and 
smaller than Indian aconite. The starch grains of official 
aconite are smaller than the Japanese and not gelatinized as 
is the case with those of the Indian aconite. 

(9) They differ in respect to the chemical composition of 
their alkaloids. Japanese aconite contains japaconitine, and 
Indian aconite, pseudaconitine. 

(10) England and Germany. 

How does Jamaica quassia differ from Surinam quassia? 

Jamaica quassia occurs in commerce usually in raspings, 
while the Surinam variety occurs usually in small billets. In 
Jamaica quassia crystals of calcium oxalate are present and 
the medullary rays are two to five cells wide in transverse 
section, while in Surinam quassia crystals of calcium oxalate 
are wanting and the medullary rays are but one to two cells 
wide in similar section. 

How does Canadian Hemp rhizome differ from that of 
Dogbane? 

Canadian Hemp rhizome is yielded by Apocynum canna- 
binum ; Dogbane by Apocynum androsaemifolium. Stone cells 
are absent in the cortex of the former, but present in the 
cortex of the latter rhizome. 

How is the bark of Choke Cherry distinguished from 
that of Wild Black Cherry? 

Unlike Wild Black Cherry bark, Choke Cherry bark con- 
tains no stone cells. It is also more astringent and less aro- 
matic. 



156 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

How would you determine the presence of Rhamnus 
Californica bark in a sample of Cascara Sagrada? 

I would look for pieces of bark whose inner margins were 
distinctly crenate or undulate. Having found these, I would 
test for anthraquinone derivatives by applying a little potas- 
sium hydroxide solution to the inner surface of these pieces. 
Noting a reddish coloration, I would make mounts of trans- 
verse and tangential-longitudinal sections and examine them 
under a microscope. If the medullary rays were seen in 
more or less parallel wavy rows in the transverse sections and 
appeared 1-7 cells in width in the longitudinal-tangential sec- 
tions, I would conclude that Rhamnus Californica bark was 
present. 

CARBO LIGNI. 

(i) What is the source of this drug? (2) How is it pre=- 
pared? (3) Give some tests for distinguishing a good 
article. 

(1) The carbonaceous residue of wood of one or more 
species of Salix, Quercus, Populus or Corylus. 

(2) By heating the soft wood of either Salix, Quercus, 
Populus or Corylus species without access of air and collect- 
ing the carbonaceous residue remaining. 

(3) If 1 Gm. of charcoal is boiled with 5 Mils, of a solution 
of one of the alkalies and filtered, the filtrate should be 
colorless. 

Upon heating a small amount of charcoal with alcohol and 
filtering, the filtrate should leave no residue upon evaporation. 

Incinerate about 1 Gm. of charcoal; not more than 7.5% 
of ash remains. 

COPAIBA. 

(1) What is it and from what is it derived? (2) De= 
scribe it and state from what countries it is chiefly ob- 
tained. (3) There are two principal commercial varieties 
— which of them is esteemed the best, and why? (4) How 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 157 

is Copaiba formed? (5) What is resina copaiba and how 
is it obtained? Describe it. (6) Mention 5 adulterants for 
Copaiba. 

(1) An oleoresin from one or more South American species 
of Copaiba (Fam. Leguminosae). 

(2) A pale yellowish to yellowish-brown, more or less trans- 
parent and viscid liquid, sometimes fluorescent, with a pecu- 
liar aromatic odor and a persistent, bitter, acrid taste. From 
Para in Brazil, Maracaibo in Venezuela, and other South 
American ports. 

(3) Para copaiba, since it yields the larger amount of vola- 
tile oil (60 to 90%). 

(4) By a metamorphosis of the cell walls of the wood 
paren chyme. 

(5) The residue left after distilling copaiba. A yellowish 
or yellowish-brown, brittle resin. 

(6) Oil of turpentine, Gunjun balsam, castor oil, liquid 
paraffin, olive oil. 

ALOES. 

(1) What commercial varieties of this drug does the) 
pharmacopoeia recognize? (2) State the botanical origin 
of each variety. (3) How may the three official varieties 
of this drug be distinguished? (4) What percentage of 
Aloes is soluble in cold water and in alcohol? (5) Name 
the active constituent and state the percent present in the 
several commercial varieties. (6) How is Aloes prepared 
for the market? 

(1) Socotrine, Curasao and Cape Aloes. 

(2) Aloe Perryi yields Socotrine Aloes. Aloe vera yields 
Curasao Aloes. Aloe ferox yields Cape Aloes. 

(3) By powdering the drug and treating it on a white por- 
celain dish with nitric acid. Nitric acid imparts a yellowish- 
to reddish-brown color to Socotrine Aloes, a red color to Cu- 
rasao Aloes, and a greenish color to the Cape variety. 

(4) 50% of Socotrine Aloes is soluble in cold water. 60% 



158 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

of both Curasao and Cape Aloes is soluble in cold water. 
Socotrine and Curagao Aloes are soluble in 60% alcohol. 
Cape Aloes are almost completely soluble in 60% alcohol. 

(5) Aloin. 4 to 10% in Socotrine Aloes; 10 to 30% in 
Curasao Aloes, and about 6% in Cape Aloes. 

(6) The leaves of the Aloe plants are cut transversely and 
the juice which exudes is either allowed to evaporate spon- 
taneously or is concentrated by boiling and then poured into 
gourds, nionkey-skins or boxes. 

CASCARA SAQRADA. 

(i) State the official definition of this drug. (2) What 
is the habitat of the plant yielding it? (3) Write a mac- 
roscopical description. (4) Write a microscopical descrip= 
lion. (5) How is it distinguished from Granatum and 
Northern Prickly Ash? (6) Name its important consti- 
tuents. 

(1) The dried bark of the trunk and branches of Rhamnus 
purshiana (Fam. Rhamnaceae). 

(2) Northern California, Oregon, Washington, and south- 
west British Columbia. 

(3) Flattened or transversely curved pieces or quills; 
outer surface dark brown to brownish-red, longitudinally 
ridged, often nearly covered with whitish or grayish lichens, 
bearing small blackish apothecia, occasionally with mosses; 
inner surface light yellow, light brown or reddish brown, 
longitudinally striate, turning red when treated with alkalies ; 
fracture short, with projections of bast fibers in the phloem; 
odor distinct ; taste bitter and slightly acrid. 

(4) Under the microscope, a transverse section of the drug 
shows an outer yellowish-brown or reddish-brown cork zone 
consisting of 10 to 15 or more rows of suberized cells; stone 
cells in cortex in elongated groups of 20 to 50 cells. The 
walls being very thick and finely lamellated; medullary rays 
1 to 4 cells wide, 15 to 25 cells deep, the contents colored red 
upon the addition of an alkaline solution to the section ; bast 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 159 

fibers in tangentially elongated groups in the inner bark, the 
walls being thick and strongly liquefied ; crystal fibers around 
the bast fibers; parenchyma with spheroidal starch grains or 
with rosette aggregates or prisms of calcium oxalate. 

(5) When an aqueous solution of an alkali is applied to 
the inner (cambial) surface of Granatum or Northern Prickly 
Ash neither of these exhibit a red coloration, as is the case 
when the inner surface of Cascara Sagrada is so treated. 
Moreover, in transverse sections as viewed under a microscope, 
Granatum shows stone cells in cortex much larger and in 
smaller groups than in Cascara Sagrada. Its phloem region 
is devoid of bast fibers, while that of Cascara bark shows 
numerous groups of these. 

Similar sections of Northern Prickly Ash show numerous 
secretory cavities containing yellowish oil globules, which are 
wanting in Cascara Sagrada. 

(6) Bmodin, isoemodin — a bitter principle. 

BELLADONNAE FOLIA. 

(i) Describe the plant yielding it and state its habitat. 
(2) Give the U. S. P. definition for the drug. (3) Write a 
macroscopic description of the leaves. (4) What other 
drugs are sometimes admixed with it and how are they 
distinguished from each other? 

(1) A perennial herb with fleshy tapering roots and smooth 
greenish to purple branching stem which bears alternate, 
ovate, entire brownish-green leaves and dark purple bell- 
shaped flowers. Its fruits are purplish-black berries about 
the size of cherries. Habitat — Europe, Asia Minor, Algeria. 

(2) The dried leaves and tops of Atropa Belladonna (Fam. 
Solanaceae), without the presence or admixture of more than 
10% of its stems or other foreign matter and yielding not less 
than 0.3% of the total alkaloids of Belladonna Leaves. 

(3) Leaves usually crumpled, twisted and matted together; 
when soaked in water and spreads out, the entire ones are 
broadly ovate with acute summits and entire margins which 



160 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

taper into the long petioles. Their upper surfaces are brown- 
ish green, the lower ones grayish green. The epidermis is 
slightly hairy. Odor narcotic and distinct; taste bitter and 
acrid. 

(4) Poke and Scopolia leaves. 

Poke leaves contain raphides of calcium oxalate which are 
absent in Belladonna, while Belladonna leaves contain deltoid 
micro-crystals of calcium oxalate which are wanting in Poke 
leaves. 

Scopolia leaves possess glandular hairs with a 1-2 celled 
stalk and a 2-6 celled head, while those of Belladonna are of 
two types: (a) having a 2-3 celled stalk and a 1-celled secre- 
ting head; (b) having a 1-celled stalk and a 4-10 celled secre- 
ting head. 

Samples of Scopolia leaves invariably contain capsular 
fruits which are called pyxes. These are nearly enclosed by 
the calyx tube. Samples of Belladonnae Folia contain glob- 
ular blackish berries, the calyx in each case being basal and its 
lobes longer than that of Scopolia. 

Scopolia leaves are distinguished from Poke leaves in that 
the former contain micro-crystals of calcium oxalate while the 
calcium oxalate crystals in the latter are needle-shaped and 
arranged in raphides. 

BELLADONNAE RADIX. 

(i) State the U. S. P. definition for this drug. (2) What 
is its official synonym? Describe its macroscopic and mi= 
croscopic characteristics. (4) Name its important medic= 
inal constituents. (5) What roots should be rejected? 
(6) Name four drugs which have been admixed with bella= 
donna root and state how they differ from the genuine 
article. 

(1) The dried root of Atropa Belladonna (Fam. Solana- 
eeae), without the presence or admixture of more than 10% 
of its stem bases or other foreign matter, and yielding not 
less than 0.45% of the total alkaloids of Belladonna Root. 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 161 

(2) Deadly Nightshade Eoot. 

(3) Cylinder-like or somewhat tapering, when in segments, 
usually split into longitudinal pieces; externally brownish 
gray, wrinkled longitudinally; fracture nearly smooth, mealy 
on breaking and exhibiting a puff of dust ; internally whitish, 
with a distinct cambium zone and yellowish wood wedges; 
nearly inodorous; taste sweetish, afterwards bitter and 
strongly acrid. 

Transverse sections of the root, when examined under the 
microscope, show the following characteristics: An outer 
zone of several layers of brownish cork cells beneath which is 
a cork cambium ; a cortex of parenchyme cells some of which 
contain spheroidal, plano-convex or polyhedral 2-6 or more 
compound starch grains and others deltoid micro-crystals of 
calcium oxalate, the latter filling up the cells in which they 
are found and giving to them a grayish-black aspect ; a phloem 
containing no bast fibers; a comparatively broad xylem 
(wood) region extending to the center, which is composed of 
numerous radially arranged xylem patches separated by me- 
dullary rays which are continued into the phloem. Each 
xylem patch shows several groups of tracheae which are sep- 
arated from each other and surrounded by wood parenchyme 
and wood fibers. The wood parenchyme cells and medullary 
rays contain starch grains or crystals of calcium oxalate sim- 
ilar in character to cells of the cortex. 

(4) Hyoscyamine, atropine and scopolamine. 

(5) Roots that are spongy, shrunken, dark brown and free 
from starch. 

(6) Unpeeled Althaea, Phytolacca Root, Scopola Rhizome 
and Inula Root. 

Unpeeled Althaea differs by having bast fibers in the 
phloem, ellipsoidal starch grains, and numerous cells contain- 
ing mucilage. 

Phytolacca Root shows bast fibers in the phloem and 
raphides of calcium oxalate in many of its parenchyme cells. 

Scopola has characteristic broad reticulate tracheae. Its 
11 



162 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

tortuous rhizome and numerous stem scars are sufficient to 
distinguish it in its nearly entire condition. 

Inula Root shows neither starch grains nor deltoid micro- 
crystals of calcium oxalate. Its odor is distinct. 

THORN APPLE. 

(i) Give botanical origin and family. (2) What part of 
the plant is employed in medicine? (3) State the diagnos= 
tic character of this drug. (4) Name its active consti= 
tuents. 

(1) Datura Stramonium and Datura Tatula (Fam. Sola- 
naceae ) . 

(2) Leaves. 

( 3 ) Its sinuate-dentate margin and non-glandular 2-4 celled 
hairs, the basal cells being about 0.04 mm. in width and the 
hairs attaining a length of 0.5 mm. 

(4) Hyoscyamine, atropine and scopolamine. 

IPECACUANHA. 

(1) Name the commercial varieties of this drug recog= 
nized by the U. S. P. IX. (2) What part of what plants 
is official? (3) How are the commercial varieties distin= 
guished from each other? (4) How much foreign matter 
is permissible in the drug? (5) State the standard of 
assay. (6) What are the active constituents? 

(1) Rio and Cartagena Ipecac. 

(2) The roots of Cephaelis ipecacuanha and Cephaelis 
acuminata. 

(3) Rio Ipecac is externally dark brown, closely annulated 
with thickened rings and from 2.4 to 4 mm. thick, while Car- 
tagena Ipecac is externally grayish brown, shows fewer annu- 
lations, and is from 4 to 6.5 mm. in thickness. 

(4) Not more than 5%. 

(5) Not less than 1.75% of the ether-soluble alkaloids of 
Ipecac. 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 163 

(6) Emetine, cephaline, psychotrine and ipecacuanhie 
acid. 

DIGITALIS. 

(i) Give its official definition. (2) Describe the plant 
yielding it. (3) State how the drug should be kept to 
prevent deterioration. (4) Write a macroscopical and 
microscopical description of the drug. (5) Mention its 
important constituents. (6) Name an adulterant for the 
powdered drug and state how you would determine its 
presence in a sample sold as powdered digitalis. 

(1) The carefully dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea (Fam. 
Scrophulariaceae), without the presence or admixture of more 
than 2% of stems, flowers or other foreign matter. 

(2) A biennial herb growing to the height of from two to 
five feet, with a succulent stem bearing alternate ovate-oblong 
leaves and a raceme of drooping, tubular, irregular, purplish 
flowers, the corollas of which are spotted on their inner sur- 
faces. 

(3) In tightly-closed containers protected from light. 

(4) Leaves ovate-oblong when entire, but usually more or 
less broken or matted together; petiole winged; lamina with 
obtuse or rounded apex and crenate margin; upper surface 
dark green, wrinkled and minutely hairy, under surface 
grayish green, hairy, exhibiting a prominent grayish brown, 
sometimes purplish, midrib from which numerous veins ema- 
nate toward the margin, near which they unite with one an- 
other and from which arise other anastomosing veins, giving 
a distinctly reticulate character to this surface; texture 
fragile, odor slight, characteristic ; taste strongly bitter. 

Dorso-ventral sections of the lamina show an upper undu- 
late epidermis devoid of stomata but possessing numerous 
uniseriate 2-8 celled non-glandular hairs, some of the cells of 
which are frequently collapsed and a few glandular hairs with 
a 1-2 celled stalk and 1-2 celled head; a mesophyll composed 
of a layer of short palisade cells and chains of rounded, 



164 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

spongy, parenchyme cells separated by intercellular air 
spaces; a lower epidermis which separates in part upon 
mounting into two layers and which shows numerous stomata 
and hairs, the latter of the same character as those found on 
the upper epidermis but more frequent. Fibro-vascular 
bundles are noted in transverse oblique and longitudinal 
views coursing through the mesophyll. Calcium oxalate is en- 
tirely absent. Chloroplastids are abundant in the cells of the 
rnesophyll. 

(5) Digitalin, digitalein, digitoxin, digitonin. 

(6) Powdered Mullein Leaves. I would mount a small 
representative portion in water and examine it under a 
microscope. The presence of candelabra-shaped branching 
trichomes would indicate Mullein. 

HYOSCYAMUS. 

(i) Give the U. S. P. definition of this drug. (2) State 
its official synonym. (3) How may it be distinguished 
from belladonna and stramonium? (4) What is the most 
important histological distinction between it and the. 
leaves of Hyoscyamus muticus? (5) What is the differ= 
ence in the constituents of these two drugs? 

(1) The dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus 
niger (Fam. Solanaceae), yielding not less than 0.065% of 
the alkaloids of Hyoscyamus. 

(2) Henbane. 

(3) By its fruit, margin of leaf and crystals. 

The fruit of Hyoscyamus is a 2-celled pyxis enclosed in a 
large urn-shaped calyx with five acute teeth, that of Bella- 
donna being a 2-celled berry while that of Stramonium is a 
spiny capsule. 

The leaf margin of Hyoscyamus is coarsely 1-4 toothed or 
lobed, that of Belladonna is entire, and that of Stramonium 
is sinuate-dentate. 

The crystals of calcium oxalate in Hyoscyamus are 4-6 
sided, isolated prisms, twin crystals, rosette aggregates and 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 165 

deltoid micro-crystals. Those found in Belladonna are merely 
of the deltoid micro-crystal type, while those found in Stra- 
monium are rosette aggregates, deltoid micro-crystals and 
occasional isolated prisms. 

(4) The non-glandular hairs of Hyoscyamus niger are un- 
branehed, while those of Hyoscyamus muticus are branched. 

(5) Hyoscyamus U. S. P. yields 0.065-0.15% of hyoscya- 
mine and scopolamine, of which three-fourths is hyoscyamine, 
while Hyoscyamus muticus (leaves and flowering tops) yields 
about 1.34% of alkaloids, consisting for the most part of 
hyoscyamine. 

HYDRASTIS. 

(i) Describe the plant yielding the drug. (2) Where 
does it grow? (3) State its habitat. (4) When should the 
official parts be collected? (5) State its fracture, internal 
appearance, and taste. (6) Mention the active principles. 
(7) What micro=chemical test may be employed to deter= 
mine the presence of these alkaloids in the crude or pow= 
dered drug? 

(1) A perennial herb whose underground portion consists 
of a short horizontal rhizome bearing many slender roots and 
whose above-ground portion is represented by a short stalk 
bearing several palmately-lobed, reniform, long-petioled 
leaves. The small flowers are borne singly and are greenish 
white. The fruit is a head of crimson berries. 

(2) In the rich loamy soil of woodlands, most commonly 
on the slopes of hills where the ground is well drained. 

(3) Eastern United States and Canada. 

(4) In autumn. 

(5) Fracture short and waxy; internally deep yellow show- 
ing a radiate wood and central pith (rhizome) or quad- 
rangular wood and no pith (root) ; taste bitter. 

(6) Hydrastine (a colorless alkaloid) and berberine (a 
yellow alkaloid). 

(7) Under the microscope, when sections of the crude drug 



166 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

or a small portion of the powder are first moistened with 
water and subsequently treated with concentrated sulphuric 
acid, acicular crystals or prisms of the sulphates of the alka- 
loids are visible. 

COCCUS. 

(i) State the English official name for the drug. (2) 
What is its official definition. (3) Describe its macrosco= 
pic characteristics. (4) Name the important commercial 
grades and state how they differ from each other. (5) 
How is the drug collected? (6) What important consti- 
tuent does it contain and where is this constituent found? 
(7) From what conutry do we get most of our com- 
mercial supply? 

(1) Cochineal. 

(2) The dried female insect of Coccus cacti (Fam. Cocci- 
dae), enclosing the young larvae. 

(3) A bug, somewhat ovate in outline, convex above, con- 
cave beneath; externally grayish purple or grayish; in the 
chitinous abdomen lie numerous larvae ; the mature larvae 
with antennae consisting of eight joints, three pairs of legs, 
and a beak composed of four thread-like parts which pair off 
into two coils. The coils are used as a piercing and sucking 
apparatus. 

. (4) Silver grain, Black grain, and Granilla. 

If the insects are dried in the sun, or in an oven at 65° C. 
for four or five hours, and later in the sun, the waxy sub- 
stance is not melted and the silver grain is the result. If they 
are dried at a higher temperature than 106° C, the melting 
point of the wax on hot iron plates, the black grain is the 
result. 

The ' ; ' granilla " variety consists largely of smaller females 
in which the larvae show but slight development. 

(5) The young insects are allowed to develop on the cactus 
(Nopalea cochenillifer) branches until the females are fecun- 
dated and enlarged, when they are brushed from the branches 
and gathered. 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 167 

(6) Carminic acid, which, is found in the larvae. 

(7) Teneriffe, one of the Canary Islands. 

CANTHARIS. 

(i) Give the two U. S. P. synonyms of this drug. (2) 
State the official definition. (3) Write a macroscopical 
description of the drug. (4) What are Chinese Flies and 
how may they be distinguished from the official article? 
(5) Distinguish between powdered cantharides and pow= 
dered Chinese flies. (6) How are the insects gathered and 
prepared for the market. (7) From what countries do we 
secure most of our commercial supplies? (8) Which in- 
sects should be rejected? 

(1) Spanish Flies; Russian Flies. 

(2) The dried beetles, Cantharis vesicatoria (Fam. Meloi- 
deae, Order Coleoptera), yielding not less than 0.6% of can- 
tharidin. 

(3) Beetle oblong; of a green or bluish-green metallic 
luster, changing in parts to a golden green ; head triangular ; 
mandibles stout and partly concealed; antennae thread-like, 
of 11 conical joints, the upper ones being black ; eyes small ; 
prothorax angulate ; legs with five tarsal joints ; wings mem- 
branous and brownish; elytra or wing-sheaths with two par- 
allel lines and finely wrinkled; odor strong, disagreeable; 
taste slight, afterwards acrid. 

(4) Chinese flies (Mylabris) are coleopterous insects, there- 
fore beetles, indigenous to the East Indies and China. They 
are distinguished from the official article by possessing black 
wing-sheaths with two broad brownish- or golden-yellow bands 
and at the anterior portion two nearly circular brownish- 
yellow spots; their heads are jet black, while those of Can- 
tharis are green. 

(5) Powdered Spanish flies is grayish brown and shows 
under the microscope shining green particles and many long- 
pointed, one-celled hairs. Powdered Chinese flies is dark 
brown, and microscopic examination reveals the presence of 
numerous slender, sharp-pointed, blackish hairs. 



168 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

(6) The cantharis beetles feed upon various shrubs of the 
Oleaceae aud Caprifoliaceae, growing in southern and central 
Europe. They are gathered by shaking the shrubs or beating 
them with poles, and collecting the insects upon sheets spread 
upon the ground. They are then thrown into vessels and 
killed by means of chloroform or ether, after which they are 
dried at a temperature not exceeding 40° C. 

(7) Russia, Austria-Hungary and Spain. 

(8) Those possessing an ammoniacal odor. 

CAMPHOR. 

(i) What is Camphor? Describe it. (2) From what is 
it derived and how? (3) From what countries is it ob= 
tained? (4) With what substance has powdered camphor 
sometimes been adulterated and how could this adulterant 
be detected? 

(1) A dextro-rotary ketone [C 10 H 16 O] obtained from Cin- 
namomum Camphora (Fam. Lauraceae). 

It occurs in white, translucent masses or granules of a 
tough consistence and having a penetrating, characteristic 
odor and a pungent, aromatic taste. 

(2) The roots and lower portion of the trunk of the cam- 
phor tree are cut into chips and distilled. The distillate con- 
sists of a granular, light reddish mass called crude camphor. 
This is then sublimed and the product resulting is the refined 
article of the U. S. P. 

(3) Japan, Formosa and China. To a small extent from 
Florida and California. 

(4) Stearic acid. The adulterated article is incompletely 
soluble in 90% alcohol. 

PILOCARPUS. 

(1) What two commercial varieties are recognized by 
the U. S. P. and what plants yield them? (2) To what 
family do these plants belong? (3) What parts of these 
plants constitute the official article? (4) What charac- 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 169 

teristics distinguish the two official varieties? (5) What 
country yields most of our supply? (6) Name the active 
medicinal constituent of the drug. (7) How is the drug* 
assayed and what is the standard of assay? (8) What is 
the official synonym? 

(1) Pernanibuco Jaborandi yielded by Pilocarpus Jabo- 
randi, and Maranham Jaborandi yielded by Pilocarpus micro- 
phyllus. 

(2) Eutaceae. 

(3) The leaflets. 

(4) Pernanibuco Jaborandi leaflets are elliptical or oblong- 
lanceolate, 6 to 12 cm. long and 1.5 to 4 cm. broad, while 
those of the Maranham variety are rhomboidally ovate to ob- 
ovate, 1.5 to 4 cm. long and 1.5 to 2.5 cm. broad. The sum- 
mit of the leaflets of the Pernambuco Jaborandi is more or 
less emarginate, while that of the Maranham variety is deeply 
emarginate. The texture of the former is coriaceous and its 
margin entire, while the summit of the latter is membranous 
and its margin is distinctly revolute. 

(5) Brazil. 

(6) Pilocarpine. 

(7) Chemically. Not less than 0.6% of the alkaloids of 
pilocarpus. 

(8) Jaborandi. 

CARYOPHYLLUS. 

(1) Give the botanical origin and family of this drug. 
(2) What part of the clove tree is official? (3) Name 
three commercial varieties and state the habitat of the 
plant yielding them. (4) What is the principal adulter* 
ant for the powder and how may it be detected? (5) 
What per cent of volatile oil does cloves yield and what 
is its chief constituent? (6) What is " mother of cloves?" 

(1) Eugenia aromatica (Jambosa Caryophyllus) ; Family 
Myrtaceae. 



170 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

(2) The unexpanded flower buds. 

(3) Penan g, Amboyna and Zanzibar. Molucca Islands. 

(4) Powdered clove stems. It may be detected by mount- 
ing representative portions on slides in chloral or KOH solu- 
tion and examining under a microscope, when the appearance 
of yellow, thick-walled, nearly isodiametric and irregular 
stone cells would indicate its presence in the sample examined. 

(5) 15 to 20%. Eugenol. 

(6) The fruit of cloves. 

JALAPA. 

(i) Give the family of the drug and state what other 
official drug belongs to this family. (2) What is the char- 
acter of the root (official part of the plant)? (3) When 
should the drug be collected? (4) What specific gravity 
should good tuberous roots have and what should be the 
internal appearance of tuberous roots that conform to the 
U. S. P. standards? (5) Name the active constituents 
and what percentage of these should the drug contain? 
(6) What is Male Jalap and how does it differ from the 
official root? 

(1) Convolvulaceae. Scammoniae Radix. 

(2) A tuberous root, napiform, pyriform, fusiform or ob- 
long, large roots often cut into pieces externally more or less 
wrinkled, dark brown with lighter colored spots and short, 
transverse ridges; hard and compact; internally dark brown, 
waxy or mealy ; odor smoky ; taste sweet and acrid. 

(3) In autumn. 

(4) Not less than 1.275. Dark brown and marked by sec- 
ondary, concentric cambium zones. 

(5) Resins (jalapin and convolvulin). Not less than 7%. 

(6) Male Jalap is the root of Ipomoea orizabensis. It is 
spindle-shaped when entire, but occasionally is seen in more 
or less rectangular pieces. Its resin, jalapin or orizabin, is 
soluble in ether, while but one resin (jalapin) in the official 
article is ether-soluble. 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 171 

GENTIANA. 

(i) Give its official definition. (2) State the geograph= 
ical sources of the drug and how is it prepared for the 
market? (3) Describe its physical characteristics. (4) 
What is its important active constituent? (5) What is 
Yellow Gentian or American Colombo and how does it 
differ from the official Gentian? 

(1) The dried rhizome and roots of Gentiana lutea (Fam. 
Gentianaceae). 

(2) Germany, France, Spain and Switzerland. The fleshy 
rhizomes and roots are washed and occasionally cut into longi- 
tudinal pieces. They are then dried very slowly and in dry- 
ing develop a characteristic odor and color. 

(3) The rhizomes and roots come into the market in nearly 
cylindrical, frequently branching pieces of variable length; 
externally yellowish brown, the rhizome portion annulate, the 
roots longitudinally wrinkled; fracture short and uneven 
when dry, but tough and flexible when damp ; internally yel- 
lowish brown with a prominent dark brown cambium zone; 
odor strong, characteristic; taste slightly sweetish, then per- 
sistently bitter. 

(4) Gentiopicrin. 

(5) The root of Frasera carolinensis. It is of a lighter 
color, frequently occurs in disks, and contains less gentiopicrin 
than gentian. 

Give three characteristics distinguishing Mentha Pip= 
erita and Mentha Viridis. 

Mentha Piperita has purplish-green stems, its leaves are 
petiolate and its taste is aromatic followed by a cooling sensa- 
tion, the latter due to the menthol present in the volatile oil. 

Mentha Viridis has purple stems, its leaves are sessile and 
its taste is aromatic, but not followed by a cooling sensation. 

Where is calcium oxalate found in Podophyllum? 

In certain parenchyme cells of its nodes. 



172 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

What has been the main substitute for Spigelia? 

Ruellia (Tennessee Pink Root) rhizome and roots. 
State its distinguishing characters. 

The rhizome of Ruellia is oblique and has the basal portions 
of aerial shoots usually attached. The bark of its roots is 
easily detached. Sections of the drug show the presence of 
stone cells and cystoliths. 

The rhizome of Spigelia is horizontal and does not usually 
have the basal portions of aerial shoots attached. The bark 
of its roots is not easily detached. Sections of Spigelia are 
devoid of stone cells and cystoliths. 

ASPIDIUM. 

(i) State the botanical origin and family of this drug. 
(2) What parts of the plants are recognized by the phar= 
macopoeia? (3) What quality distinguishes the freshly= 
gathered drug? (4) What is the important active prin= 
ciple? (5) Name a frequent substitute and state how it 
may be distinguished. 

(1) Dryopteris Filix-mas and Dryopteris marginalis. Fam. 
Polypodiaceae. 

(2) The rhizome and stipes. 

(3) The green color internally. 

(4) Filicic acid. 

(5) The rhizomes and stipes of Osmunda, which occurs in 
large, thick pieces with coarse, wiry roots, flattened stipes, 
and are free from chaffy scales. 

LYCOPODIUM. 

(1) State its official definition. (2) Describe its mi= 
croscopic characteristics. (3) How is it collected and 
prepared for the market? (4) Name its common adulter= 
ants. 

(1) The spores of Lycopodium clavatum (Fam. Lycopo- 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 173 

diaceae), without the presence or admixture of more than 2% 
of impurities. 

(2) Under the microscope, the spores are spherical tetra- 
hedons from 25 to 40 m. in diameter, the outer wall or exos- 
porium presents a reticulate appearance, the reticulations 
being polygonal and formed of straight sides. 

(3) The sporogonia (fruiting tops) of the plant are shaken 
and the spores are dislodged from the ripened sporophylls. 
The extraneous matter is then removed by sieving. 

(4) Pine pollen and powdered sulphur. 

ASAFOETIDA. 

(i) Give its official definition. (2) How is the drug ob= 
tained? (3) What are its physical characteristics? (4) 
Name five adulterants and state how they may be de= 
tected in the official article. 

(1) The gum resin obtained by incising the rhizomes and 
roots of Ferula asafoetida and Ferula foetida and of some 
other species of Ferula (Fam. Umbelliferae), indigenous to 
Persia and adjacent countries, and yielding not less than 
60% (or if powdered 50%) of alcohol-soluble constituents. 

(2) By incising the rhizomes and roots when the gum-resin 
exudes ; the latter hardens and is subsequently scraped off. 

(3) In irregular hard or soft pliable masses, occasionally 
in a semi-liquid condition, composed of agglutinated tears 
imbedded in a brown matrix, or in loose ovoid tears, the sur- 
face sometimes containing streaks of violet, yellowish red or 
brownish red, and with a few vegetable fragments; the sur- 
face of the freshly fractured tears is milky-white and opaque, 
changing gradually on exposure to a pinkish or reddish 
purple or reddish brown ; on moistening with water the tears 
assume a milky- white color; odor alliaceous; taste bitter, 
garlic-like and acrid. 

(4) Eose-colored marble, galbanum, colophony, ammoniac, 
foreign resins. 



174 PHARMACOGNOSY. 

Pieces of marble readily dissolve with effervescence in hy- 
drochloric acid. 

An emulsion of a sample containing galbanum, when treated 
with a drop of ammonia water, assumes a bluish fluorescence. 

A petroleum benzin solution of a sample containing colo- 
phony will give a bluish-green color upon shaking it with a 
solution (1 in 20) of copper acetate. 

If ammoniac be present, an aqueous emulsion is colored red 
upon the addition of a solution of sodium hypobromite. 

If foreign resins are present, an alcoholic solution of the 
sample will become olive-green upon the addition of a solu- 
tion of ferric chloride. 

MYRRHA. 

(i) What is it? (2) How much of the drug is soluble in 
alcohol? (3) Describe its physical characteristics. (4) 
How is it obtained? (5) Name the two commercial vari= 
eties of this drug and state which is considered the better. 
(6) How would you distinguish the official article from 
Bdellium? (7) Name the constituents of Myrrh and 
state which one gives to the drug its characteristic odor. 

(1) A gum-resin obtained from one or more species of 
Commiphora (Fam. Burseraceae). 

(2) Not less than 35%. 

(3) In rounded or irregular tears or masses, brownish yel- 
low or reddish brown, and covered with a brownish-yellow 
dust; fracture waxy, somewhat splintery, translucent on the 
edges, sometimes marked with nearly white lines; odor bal- 
samic ; taste aromatic, bitter and acrid. 

(4) The bark of the Myrrh tree is incised and the gum 
resin which exudes is of a yellowish color. It soon hardens 
and turns darker, when it is collected. 

(5) African or Somali Myrrh and Arabian or Yemen 
Myrrh. The African variety is considered the better. 

(6) Unlike Myrrh, Bdellium will not give a purplish color 
on being treated with nitric acid. 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 175 

(7) A yellowish or yellowish-green volatile oil, resin, gum, 
and a bitter principle. The volatile oil. 

PHYSOST1GMA. 

(i) What is it? (2) Describe its macroscopic charac- 
teristics. (3) Give two synonyms for the drug. (4) Men- 
tion its medicinally active constituents. 

(1) The dried ripe seeds of Physostigma venenosmn (Fam. 
Leguminosae), yielding not less than 0.15% of the alkaloids 
of Physostigma. 

(2) Ellipsoidal, or irregularly oblong, somewhat reniform, 
anatropous; externally reddish or chocolate brown, smooth, 
somewhat wrinkled near the brownish-black groove (raphv;), 
the latter extending nearly the entire length of the convex 
edge and in which are found frequently the remains of tho 
white membranous funiculus (ovule stalk), the margins of the 
seed-coat on both sides of the groove somewhat elevated, of a 
yellowish-red or brownish-red color, and somewhat thickened ; 
embryo large, white, with short hypocotyl and two concavo- 
convex cotyledons ; taste at first starchy, afterwards acrid. 

(3) Calabar Bean; Ordeal Bean. 

(4) Physostigmine (eserine), isophysostigmine (eseridine), 
calabarine. 

SENNA. 

(1) What varieties are official? (2) State the botanical 
origin and habitat of each. (3) Tabulate the differences 
between the leaflets and pods of each variety. (4) What 
is American Senna? (5) Mention the active principles of 
the official article. 

(1) Alexandria and India Senna. 

(2) Cassia acutifolia, a wild shrub indigenous to the Nile 
valley of Egypt, yields Alexandria Senna. Cassia augusti- 
folia, a cultivated shrub of Arabia and India, yields India 
Senna. 



176 



PHARMACOGNOSY. 



India Senna. 
Leaflets 2 to 5 cm. long, 

6 to 14 mm. broad ; 

apex more abruptly 
pointed ; 

upper surface yel- 
lowish-green ; 

under surface pale 
green; 

hairs comparatively 
few; 

hairs not appressed. 
Pods elliptical, more or less 

crescent-shaped ; 

4 to 5 cm. long, 
shrub, indigenous to eastern 



(3) Alexandria Senna. 
Leaflets 2 to 3.5 cm. long, 

6 to 10 mm. broad ; 
apex mucronate ; 

upper surface pale 

green ; 
under surface light 

grayish-green ; 
hairs compara- 
tively numerous ; 
hairs appressed. 
Pods broadly elliptical, 
somewhat kidney- 
shaped ; 
shorter. 

(4) Cassia marilandica, a 
United States and Canada. 

(5) Cathartic acid, anthraglucosennin and emodin. 

VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM. 

(i) Give its U. S. P. definition. (2) What are its mac= 
roscopic characteristics? (3) How does it differ in micro= 
scopic details from Viburnum Opulus? (4) What is the 
habit of the plant that yields it? (5) State its official 
synonyms. (6) Which bark is considered the best? 

( 1 )• The dried bark of Viburnum Prunif olium or of Vibur- 
num lentago (Fam. Caprifoliaceae), without the presence or 
admixture of more than 5% of wood or other foreign matter. 

(2) In transversely curved or quilled pieces of variable 
length; outer surface grayish brown or brownish red (where 
the cork has scaled off), longitudinally wrinkled; inner sur- 
face reddish brown, longitudinally striated; fracture short 
but uneven ; odor slight ; taste astringent and bitter. 

(3) In microscopic sections Viburnum Prunif olium shows 






PHARMACOGNOSY. 177 

groups of stone cells in the inner cortex, and few bast fibers 
in phloem. Crystals of calcium oxalate occur mostly in the 
form of rosette aggregates, occasionally in crystal fibers and 
monoclinic prisms. Sections of Viburnum Opulus are devoid 
of stone cells but show small groups of sclerenchyme fibers in 
the cortex, seldom any bast fibers in the phloem. Crystals of 
calcium oxalate in the form of monoclinic prisms are entirely 
absent. Rosette aggregates, however, are numerous. 

(4) A shrub or small tree having ovate to elliptical, gla- 
brous, petiolate leaves with serrulate margins, white flowers 
borne in cymes, and small, oval, bluish-black drupes. 

(5) Black Haw; Viburnum. 

(6) The root bark. 

In what portion of the following seeds is starch found: 
Colchicum, Nux Vomica and Strophanthus? 

In the caruncle of Colchicum seed. 

In the tissues of the pulp which sometimes adheres to the 
seeds of Nux Vomica. 

In the endosperm of Strophanthus. 
12 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



Define cholagogue. 

An agent which increases the flow of bile. 

Name three vegetable cholagogues. 

Podophyllum, leptandra, euonymus. 

Name a mineral oholagogue. 

Calomel. 

Define galactagogue. 

An agent which increases the lacteal secretion. 

Name two galactagogues. 

Fennel and Goat's Rue. 

Name and define three official organic drugs having an- 
thelmintic properties. 

Spigelia, santoninum and quassia. 

The dried rhizome and roots of Spigelia marilandica (Fam. 
Loganiaceae), without the presence or admixture of more 
than 10% of stems or other foreign matter. 

The inner anhydride or lactone of santonic acid obtained 
from Artemisia paucinora (Fam. Compositae). 

The wood of Pierasma excelsa, known commercially as 
Jamaica Quassia, or of Quassia amara, known commercially as 
Surinam Quassia (Fam. Simarubaceae). 

SODIUM BROMIDE. 

Give (a) its official definition, (b) its purity rubric, (c) 
its solubility in water and alcohol, (d) its therapeutic prop- 
erties, (e) its official dose. 

(a) It contains, when dried to constant weight at 100° C, 
not less than 98.5% of NaBr. 

179 



180 MATERIA MEDICA. 

(b) Same as for (a). 

(c) One Gm. dissolves in 1.1 Mils, of water and in 16 Mils. 
of alcohol at 25° C. 

(d) Motor-depressant. 

(e) One Gm. (15 grains). 

Give the botanical name of cardamom and its family. 

Elettaria repens. Family Zingiberaceae. 

Where does it grow and what part of the plant is 
official? 

It grows in India. The seeds are official. 

Name the most important constituent of cardamon and 
its percentage. 

Its volatile oil, which is present to the extent of 5%. 

What percentage of seed should good cardamon fruits 
yield, and what are its medicinal properties? 

About 74%. It is used as an aromatic. 

Give the botanical origin and family of buchu. 

Barosma betulina and Barosma serratifolia. Family Ruta- 
ceae. 

Give habitat, height of plants and color of flowers. 

Cape of Good Hope ; 3 to 4 feet high ; flowers are white. 

By what ordinary names are they known in commerce? 

Long buchu and short buchu. 

Name the leaves with which one variety is often mixed. 

Long buchu with senna. 

What are the chief constituents and medicinal proper^ 
ties of buchu? 

Volatile oil, resin, and a bitter principle. Buchu is diuretic. 

What is Levant wormseed? Describe it. 

The dried flower heads of Artemisia pauciflora. It has the 
appearance of a granular, yellow-green, shiny powder; taste, 
bitter-aromatic with a camphoraceous odor. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 181 

Name the active principle and give its solubility in 
water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, and solutions of caustic 
alkalies. 

Santonin. Sparingly soluble in water. Alcohol, 34 parts ; 
ether, 78 parts ; chloroform and alkalies very soluble. 

How is the active principle affected by light? 

It becomes yellow. 

What is the dose of Levant wormseed? 

15 to 50 grains. 

What is the dose of the active principle? 

One to two grains. 

How would you distinguish Levant from American 
wormseed? 

Rubbing the American seed between the fingers causes the 
small, black seeds to drop out, but simply reduces the Levant 
to a fine powder. 

What is goldenseal? 

The dried rhizome and roots of Hydrastis canadensis (Fam. 
Ranunculaceae) without the presence or admixture of more 
than 2% of stems, leaves or other foreign matter, and yielding 
not less than 2.5% of the ether-soluble alkaloids of Hydrastis. 

Give its official Latin name. 

Hydrastis. 

Name two alkaloids derived from it and describe them. 

Hydrastine occurs in white, glistening prisms, permanent 
in the air, having a bitter taste and alkaline reaction. 

Berberine: Minute yellow crystals, soluble in 100 parts of 
water. 

From which of these alkaloids is an official artificial 
alkaloid derived and what is its name? 

Hydrastine. It is used in making Hydrastinine hydro- 
chloride. 



182 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Give its medicinal properties and use. 

Hydrastinine hydrochloride is an oxytocic and is used in 
hemorrhages. 

Give the medicinal properties of goldenseal and name 
its official preparations. 

Alterative and tonic to mucous membranes. Fluidextrac- 
tum hydrastis, tinctura hydrastis, extractum hydrastis, and 
glyceritum hydrastis. 

What is elaterium and from what is it obtained? 

A substance deposited by the juice of the fruit of Ecbal- 
lium elaterium. 

Describe it. 

Elaterium is a yellowish-white, very fine powder, made by 
drying the juice of the fruit. 

Give the medicinal properties and dose. 
It is a purgative in one-eighth grain doses. 

What is elaterin and from what is it obtained? 

A neutral principle obtained from elaterium, a substance 
deposited by the juice of the fruit of Ecballium elaterium. 

Give its official Latin name and dose. 

Elaterinum. Dose, 0.003 Gm. (V 20 grain). 

Why is it preferred to elaterium? 

It is uniform in quality and strength and represents the 
drug activity. 

What preparation of elaterin is official? 

Trituratio elaterini. 

Of what is elaterin composed and what represents its 
purgative principle? 

Elaterin consists of a-elaterin and /3-elaterin. The /3 -ela- 
terin is the purgative principle. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 183 

What is henbane? 

The dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus niger. 

What is its standard of assay? 

Not less than 0.065% of the alkaloids of Hyoscyamus. 

Give its official Latin name. 

Hyoscyamus. 

What two alkaloidal salts derived from it are official? 

Scopolamine hydrobromide, Hyoscyamine hydrobromide. 

Which of them is the most active? The most used? 

Scopolamine hydrobromide. 

Give its dose. 

0.0003 Gm. OAoogrO. 

Give the medicinal properties of the salts. 

Narcotic and sedative. 

Name the official preparations of henbane. 

Extractum hyoscyami, fluidextractum hyoscyami, and tinc- 
tura hyoscyami. 

Give the official Latin name of wildcherry, and state 
what part of the plant is official. 

Prunus virginiana. The bark. 

Give the botanical name of the plant from which the 
official product is obtained, also the family to which it 
belongs. 

Prunus serotina. Family Rosaceae. 

Where does it grow and when should the official product 
be collected? 

In the United States. Should be gathered in autumn. 
Briefly describe the official product. 

In occurs in curved pieces one to two inches long by one- 
eighth inch thick. Has a reddish-brown color and is brittle. 
Has a bitter, astringent taste and aromatic odor. 



184 MATERIA MEDICA. 

What takes place when wild cherry bark is macerated 
in water? 

The ferment emulsin acts upon the Z-mandelonitrile gluco- 
side present, splitting it up into hydrocyanic acid, benzalde- 
hyde and glucose. 

What is cocoanut? 

The seed of Cocos nucifera. 

What important commercial substance does it yield? 

Cocoanut oil. 

What is cacao? 

The roasted seeds of Theobroma cacao. 

What is it chiefly used for? 

To make chocolate, grinding the roasted seeds and mixing 
with sugar. 

What important official substance is obtained from it? 

Oleum theobromatis. 

What is coca? 

The leaves of Erythroxylon coca and Erythroxylon truxil- 
lense. 

State where it grows. 

In the Andes Mountains of South America. 

Name its important alkaloid. 

Cocaine. 

What is benzoin and from what is it obtained? 

A balsamic resin from Styrax benzoin and some other 
species of Styrax (Fam. Styraceae). 

State how the benzoin is obtained. 

Incisions are made in the bark and fluid exudes, which 
later hardens. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 185 

Describe the familiar commercial variety, and name the 
official preparations into which it enters. 

Benzoin occurs in blocks or lumps of varying size made up 
of pebble-like bodies, reddish-brown in color, and about one- 
quarter inch long and one-eighth inch thick, which are im- 
bedded in a grayish-brown resinous mass. They are brittle, 
and the fresh surface is milk-white. Sweet odor and acrid 
taste, melting with heat. The official preparations are : Adeps 
benzoinatus, tinctura benzoini, tinctura benzoini composita. 

What important official chemical is derived from ben= 
zoin and how? 

Acidum benzoicum ; by sublimation. 

By what other method may this chemical be obtained? 

By treating urine of cattle with lime in excess and adding 
hydrochloric acid to decompose the lime hippurate formed. 
Further addition of hydrochloric acid forms benzoic acid. 

Into what pharmaceutical product does it enter? 

Tinctura opii comphorata. 

Where do the plants grow which yield the official ar= 
tide? 

In the East Indies. 

From what is olive oil obtained? 

The ripe fruit of the olive. 

Give the habitat and description of the plant. 

The northern Mediterranean coast and California. The 
plant is a twenty-foot tree, having lanceolate, opposite leaves, 
entire and green above, the under surface hoary. The fruit 
is a one-seeded drupe having an oily flesh and hard seed. 

How is the oil made? 

By expressing olives and clarifying the product. 



186 MATERIA MEDICA. 

What is meant by virgin oil? 

It is the oil first expressed, having greater purity than 
subsequent oils. 

What is the usual percentage of oil obtained? 

60 to 70 per cent. 

Describe the official oil and state what product of olive 
oil is official, and what official preparation is made from 
this product. 

A pale yellow or light greenish-yellow oily liquid. Sapo is 
the official product of olive oil, and is used in linimentum 
saponis. 

Into what official plaster does olive=oil enter? 

Emplastruin Pluinbi. 

Give tests for the reasonable purity of olive oil. 

Shake equal volumes of olive oil and nitric acid ; the liquid 
should not darken, and on standing six hours should form 
a yellow-white solid mass and an almost colorless liquid. 

With what is olive oil frequently adulterated? 

Cotton-seed oil. 

Give the average single dose of each of the following: 

Diluted hydrochloric acid M. 15 

Tincture of arnica M. 15 

Tincture of nux vomica M. 8 

Tincture of digitalis M. 8 

Tincture of belladonna M. 12 

Extract of opium £ gr. 

Morphia sulphate. & gr. 

Strychnia sulphate *V gr. 

i expectorant ^ gr. 
emetic, by mouth . . • £ gr. 
emetic, hypodermic, y-j gr. 
Atropia sulphate r jjj gr. 

Why should anthemis be collected from cultivated 
plants? 

Because cultivation tends to form the so-called double 



MATERIA MEDIC A. 187 

flower — an increase of ray florets which contain more of the 
aromatic principles. 

Why should the light spongy and white=coIored nut= 
galls be rejected for pharmaceutical purposes? 

Because of the small amount of tannic acid contained. 

Why should colchicum root (corm) be collected front 
second year's growth, before the sprouting forth of the 
fall flowers, from the newly forming corms? 

It then contains more of the active principle than if the 
corm were exhausted in the making of new plants. 

Name five drugs containing anthraquinone derivatives. 

Rheum, aloe, cascara sagrada, senna, and frangula. 

What is the therapeutic property of these drugs? 

Purgatives. 

State the U. S. P. dose of each. 

Rheum 1 Gm. (15 grains) 

Aloe 0.25 Gm. (4 grains) 

Cascara Sagrada. 1 Gm. ( 15 grains) 

Senna 4 Gm. (1 drachm) 

Frangula 1 Gm. ( 15 grains) . 

Define cathartic. 

A cathartic is an agent which increases or hastens intestinal 
evacuation. 

Name two official cathartic oils and state the average 
official dose of each. 

Castor oil, 15 Mils. (4 fluiddrachms) ; croton oil, 0.05 Mil. 
(1 minim). 

Define laxative. 

A laxative is a mild cathartic which excites moderate peri- 
stalsis, giving soft movements without irritation. 

Give five examples of laxatives. 

Magnesium oxide, tamarind, fig, manna, olive oil. 



188 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Mention a hypodermic cathartic. 

Apocodeine. 

What are saline cathartics? 

Cathartics which act by virtue of their power of increasing 
osmosis in the intestines, causing watery stools. 

Mention five official saline cathartics. 

Magnesium sulphate, rochelle salts, solution of citrate of 
magnesia, sodium sulphate, and sodium phosphate. 

What are drastic cathartics? 

Cathartics which produce violent peristalsis, watery stools, 
griping. 

Mention five drastic cathartics. 

Colocynth, gamboge, jalap, scammony and croton oil. 

Name a cathartic which has a secondary astringent ac- 
tion. 

Rheum. 

Why should belladonna leaves be collected from two- 
year=old plants? 

Because the plant is then at its perfection and contains the 
most alkaloid. 

Black haw: Give the botanical name, part employed 
and name the active constituents. 

Viburnum prunifolium. Bark. Valeric acid and an acrid 
resin termed viburnin. 

Jalap: Give botanical name, part employed, and name 
the active constituents. 

Exogonium purga. Tuberous root. Convolvulin or jalap- 
ingin. 

Lady's slipper: Give botanical name, part employed and 
name active constituents. 

Cypripedium hirsutum and Cypripedium parviSorurn. 
Rhizome and root. Resin and volatile oil. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 189 

Burdock: Give botanical name, part employed and name 
of active constituents. 

Arctium lappa and other species. Root. Bitter principle 
and inulin. 

Chestnut: Give botanical name, part employed and name 
of active constituents. 

Castanea dentata. Leaves. Tannin. 

Give the Latin title of three organic drugs that are 
astringent, two that are demulcent. 

Galla, hamamelis and gambir are astringent. Acacia and 
althaea are demulcent. 

From what are the following obtained: (a) Sparteine, 
(b) emetine, (c) daturine, (d) eserine, (e) thymol. 

(a) Scoparius. (b) Ipecacuanha, (c) Stramonium, (d) 
Physostigma. (e) A phenol occurring in the volatile oil of 
Thymus vulgaris and other volatile oils. 

Give the pharmacopoeial title of five organic acids. 

Acidum benzoicum, acidum citricum, acidum tartaricum, 
acidum aceticum, acidum salicylicum. 

What are glycerites? Name five official. 

Glycerites are mixtures of medicinal substances with 
glycerin. 

Glyceritum acidi tannici, glyceritum boroglycerini, glycer- 
itum hydrastis, glyceritum phenolis, glyceritum amyli. 

To what class of substances do each of the following 
belong: (a) Kino, (b) myrrh, (c) tragacanth, (d) benzoin, 
(e) storax? 

(a) Inspissated juice, (b) Gum resin, (c) Gummy exu- 
date, (d) Balsamic resin, (e) Balsam. 

Cramp bark: Give (a) Family, (b) Latin national for* 
ulary name, (c) botanic source, (d) part official, (e) con- 
stituents, (f) medicinal properties, (g) medicinal uses. 

(a) Caprifoliacea?. (b) Viburnum Opulus. (c) Viburnum 



190 MATERIA MEDICA. 

opulus var. americanum. (d) The bark, (e) Valeric acid and 
bitter, resinous principle, viburnin. (f) Nervine, tonic, diur- 
etic, astringent, (g) Antispasmodic, used in threatened abor- 
tion, dysmenorrhea and post-puerperal pains, diarrhoea and 
dysentery. 

What drug was described as Viburnum Opulus in the 
U. S. P. viii? 

Acer Spicatum bark. 

Give the common name of (a) Fel bovis, (b) gossypium 
purificatum, (c) humuius, (d) hematoxylon, (e) krameris, 
(f) mel, (g) sapo mollis, (h) sassafras medulla, (i) cas= 
tanea, (j) stillingia. 

(a) Ox-gall, (b) Absorbent cotton, (c) Hops, (d) Log- 
v.-ood. (e) Rhatany. (f) Clarified honey, (g) Green soap. 
(h) Sassafras pith, (i) Chestnut, (j) Queen's root. 

Name two drugs belonging to each of the following 
families: (a) Umbelliferae, (b) rutaceae, (c) solanaceae, 

(d) urticaceae, (e) ranunculaceae, (f) rosaceae, (g) labia= 
tae, (h) euphorbiaceae, (i) coniferae, (j) loganiaceae. 

(a) Asafcetida. anisum. (b) Limonis cortex, aurantii amari 
cortex, (c) Belladonna, capsicum, (d) Humuius, cannabis 
indica. (e) Aconitum, cimicifuga. (f) Rosa gallica, rosa 
centifolia. (g) Mentha piperita, mentha viridis. (h) Stil- 
lingia, croton tiglium. (i) Terebinthiua, terebinthina cana- 
densis, (j) Nux vomica, gelsemium. 

Give the common names for the following: (a) Rhus 
glabra, (b) Hyoscyamus, (c) Leptandra, (d) Frangula, 

(e) Pyroxylinum. 

(a) Sumach, (b) Henbane, (c) Culver's root, (d) Buck- 
thorn, (e) Gun-cotton. 

Give in brief mode of preparation of (a) Oil of pepper- 
mint, (b) styrax. 

(a) A volatile oil distilled from the fresh or partly dried 



MATERIA MEDICA. 191 

leaves and flowering tops of peppermint, and rectified by 
steam distillation. 

(b) The inner bark is steeped in hot water and the melted 
balsam is skimmed off and expressed from the bark. 

Wahoo: Give botanical name, part employed and active 
constituents. 

Euonymus atropurpureus. Bark of root. Resin euonymin, 
euonic acid. 

Elecampane: Give botanical name, part employed and 
active constituents. 

Inula helenium. Root. Acrid resin, volatile oil and helenin. 

Mandrake: Give botanical name, part employed, and 
active constituents. 

Podophyllum peltatum. Rhizome and roots. Picropodo- 
phyllin, podophyllotoxin, podophyllinic acid, podophylloresin. 

Gambir: Give botanical name, part employed and ac= 
tive constituents. 

Ourouparia gambir. Extract prepared from decoctions of 
the leaves and twigs. Catechutannic acid, catechin, and cate- 
chol. 

Cubeb: Give botanical name, part employed and active 
constituents. 

Piper cubeba. Dried, unripe fruit. Volatile oil, resin, 
cubebin and cubebic acid. 

Conium: Give botanical name, part employed and active 
constituents. 

Conium maculatum. Full-grown, unripe fruit. Coniine, 
conhydrine, methyl coniine with volatile oil. 

Define and give example of eacb: (a) Sedative, (b) 
epispastic, (c) anthelmintic, (d) soporific, (e) hepatic. 

(a) A remedy that allays activity or excitement. Bella- 
donna. 



192 MATERIA MEBICA. 

(b) A blistering agent. Sinapis. 

(c) An agent that expels or destroys worms. Santonin. 

(d) Soporific is an agent that produces sleep. Opium. 

(e) Relating to the liver. Hepatic drug is one that acts 
on the liver direct. 

Aconite: Give the pharmacopoeial title, part employed 
and active constituents. 

Aconitum. The dried, tuberous root. Aconite contains 
aconitine, picraconitine and aconitic acid. 

Digitalis: Give the pharmacopoeial title, part employed, 
names of active constituents, and therapeutic properties. 

Digitalis. The carefully-dried leaves of the first or second 
year's growth. Its activity resides in five glucosidal prin- 
ciples which differ in their solubility — digitalin, digitalein, 
digitoxin, digitonin, and digitin. Cardiac stimulant and 
diuretic. 

What percentage of foreign impurities may these leaves 
contain and still be official. 

Not more than 2%. 

Broom: Give the latin title, part employed and name 
the active constituents. 

Scoparius. The dried tops. Active constituents: Spar- 
teine, a liquid alkaloid, and a glucosidal principle called 
scoparin. 

Kino: Give the pharmacopoeial title, part employed and 
active constituents. 

Kino. The inspissated juice. Active constituent is kino- 
tannic acid. 

Define the following terms: (a) Anodyne, (b) styptic, 
(c) drastic, (d) hydragogue, (e) hypnotic. 

(a) An anodyne is a drug that allays pain. 

(b) A styptic is a drug that arrests hemorrhage when ap- 
plied locally. 



MATERIA MEDIC A. 193 

(c) A drastic purgative is one that is strongly irritant to 
the intestines and occasions free transudation from its vessels 
and almost liquid stools. 

(d) A hydragogue cathartic removes abundant serum from 
the intestinal vessels and produces large, watery stools. 

(e) Hypnotic: This is a drug that produces sleep. 

What are the active principles of the following drugs: 
(a) Deadly nightshade, (b) fish berries, (c) quaker but- 
ton, (d) calabar bean? 

(a) Belladonna contains atropine, hyoscyamine and bella- 
donnine. 

(b) Cocculus indicus contains picrotoxin. 

(c) Nux vomica contains strychnine, brucine, loganin, and 
igasuric acid. 

(d) Physostigma contains physostigmine and calabarine, 
with a neutral principle physosterin. 

Give the common names of the following drugs: (a) 
Caulophyllum, (b) euonymus, (c) Phytolacca, (d) lappa, 
(e) illicium. 

(a) Blue cohosh, (b) Wahoo. (c) Poke root, (d) Bur- 
dock, (e) Star anise. 

Name (a) an inorganic corrosive acid, (b) an inorganic 
cauterizing acid, (c) an organic astringent acid, (d) an or= 
ganic cathartic acid, (e) an inorganic emetic. 

(a) Hydrochloric acid, (b) Glacial acetic acid, (c) Tan- 
nic acid, (d) Cathartic acid, (e) Zinc sulphate. 

What are volatile oils, and give examples. 

Volatile or essential oils are found in the various parts of 
the plant. They usually constitute the odorous principles, 
and they either pre-exist in the plant or are produced by the 
reaction of certain constituents when brought in contact with 
water. 

Volatile oils are sometimes formed through destructive dis- 
13 



194 MATERIA MEDICA. 

tillation, as the oil of amber; and they may also be obtained 
from the animal kingdom, as oil of ambergris. 
They may be divided into four classes: 

(1) Terpenes containing carbon and hydrogen, as oil of 
turpentine. 

(2) Oxygenated hydrocarbons containing oxygen, as oil of 
cinnamon. 

(3) Sulphurated, containing sulphur, as oil of mustard. 

(4) Nitrogenated, containing hydrocyanic acid, like true 
oil of bitter almonds. 

What arc fixed oils? and give examples. 

Fixed oils are obtained from both the vegetable and animal 
kingdom. They are greasy to the touch and leave a perma- 
nent greasy stain on paper. Chemically they are mixtures of 
olein, palmitin and stearin. 

Examples are cotton-seed oil, olive oil, linseed oil. 

Name an official mineral liquid. 

Liquid petrolatum. 

From what are the following obtained: (a) Elaterin, 
(b) daturine, (c) berberine, (d) brucine, (e) chrysarobin? 

(a) Elaterium. 

(b) Daturine is the active principle of stramonium, and is 
a mixture of atropine and hyoscyamine. 

(c) Berberine. This is an alkaloid found in several drugs, 
such as calumba, hydrastis and berberis. 

(d) Brucine is one of the constituents of nux vomica. 

(e) Chrysarobin is a neutral principle extracted from Goa 
powder, a substance found deposited in the wood of Voua- 
capoua araroba. 

Give the pharmacopoeial title of five official seeds. 
Pepo, physostigma, sinapis alba, sinapis nigra, nux vomica. 

Name an acid obtained from a volatile oil. 

Salicylic acid from oil of wintergreen. 



MATERIA MEDIC A. 195 

What is the official part of the following plants: (a) 
Petroselinurn sativum, (b) Aspidosperma Quebracho 
bianco, (c) Zea Mays, (d) Gigartina mamiliosa, (e) Erio= 
dictyon californicurn? 

(a) The dried fruit. 

(b) The dried bark. 

(c) The starch grains separated from the fruit, 

(d) The entire seaweed. 

(e) The dried leaves. 

Name an official trituration. 

Trituratio elaterini. 

Iris: Give common name, part employed and active 
constituents. 

Blue flag. Rhizome and roots. It contains an acrid resin 
termed iridin. 

Rumex: Give common name, part employed and active 
constituents. 

Yellow dock. Root is used. It contains chrysophanic acid 
arid tannin. 

Crocus: Give common name, part employed and active 
principles. 

Saffron. The stigmas. It contains polychroit, a glucoside 
which splits into crocin, and glucose. 

Sanguinaria: Give common name, part employed and! 
active constituents. 

Bloodroot. The dried rhizome. It contains sanguinarine, 
a colorless alkaloid, which yields bright red salts. 

Cimicifuga: Give the common name, part employed and 
active constituents. 

Black cohosh or black snakeroot. Rhizome and roots. Its 
activity is due to a resin termed cimicifugin or macrotin. 



196 MATERIA MEDIC A. 

Give the source of the following: (a) Strychnine, (b) 
creosote, (c) iodine, (d) citric acid, (e) tannic acid, (f) 
oleic acid, (g) oxalic acid, (h) gallic acid. 

(a) Nux vomica, (b) Beech, wood, (c) Kelp and residue 
from Chili saltpetre beds, (d) Limes and lemons, (e) Galls 
or nut-galls, (f) By-product in the manufacture of tallow 
candles, (g) By acting on cellulose, sugar or starch with 
nitric acid, (h) Nut-galls. 

Give the official title of five drugs that contain a vo> 
latile oil. 

Cubeba, capsicum, buchu, Valeriana, asafoetida. 

Ipecac: Give botanical origin, part employed and name 
the active constituents. 

Cephaelis ipecacuanha and Cephaelis acuminata. The dried 
root. Ipecac contains emetine, cephaeline, and psychotrine 
with ipecacuanhic acid. 

Rhubarb: Give the botanical name, part employed and 
name the active constituents. 

Rheum officinale, Rheum palmatum, and the variety Tan- 
guticum, with other species grown in China and Thibet. The 
dried rhizome and roots. Active constituents. Neutral prin- 
ciples are chrysophanic acid, rhein and rhubarberon; astrin- 
gent principles are rheotannic acid and rheumic acid. Four 
resins or cathartic principles: erythroretin, phaeoretin, apo- 
retin, and emodin. 

Jaborandi: Give the botanical name, part employed and 
name the active constituents. 

Pilocarpus jaborandi and Pilocarpus microphyllus. The 
leaflets. It contains two alkaloids, pilocarpine and jaborine, 
with a volatile oil. 

State the therapeutic property of this drug. 

Diaphoretic. 

To what class of substances do each of the following 



MATERIA MEDICA. 197 

belong: (a) Asafoetida, (b) acacia, (c) sparteine, (d) 
copaiba, (e) storax. 

(a) Gum resin, (b) Gummy exudate, (c) Alkaloid, (d) 
Oleoresin. (e) Balsam. 

Give the pharmacopoeial title of the following: (a) 
Monkshood, (b) calabar bean, (c) blue flag, (d) thorn- 
apple, (e) bitter apple. 

(a) Aconitum. (b) Physostigma. (c) Iris, (d) Stramo- 
nium, (e) Colocynthis. 

Give the official title of a drug that belongs to each 
of the following classes: (a) Alkaloids, (b) gums, (c) 
oleoresin, (d) resin, (e) gum resin. 

(a) Strychnina. (b) Tragacantha. (e) Copaiba, (d) 
Guaiaeum. (e) Myrrha. 

Give common names of the following: (a) apocynum, 
(b) jasmine, (c) capsicum, (d) barosma, (e) lobelia. 

(a) Dog-bane or Canadian hemp, (b) Gelsemium. (c) 
Cayenne or African pepper, (d) Buchu. (e) Indian tobacco. 

Give U. S. Pharmacopoeial title of five fruits. 

Sabal, anisum, foeniculum, cubeba, piper. 

Name two official preparations containing white wax. 

Unguentum aquae rosae, ceratum. 

From what is gum benzoin obtained? Give U. S. Phar= 
macopoeial preparations into which it enters. 

A balsamic resin obtained from styrax benzoin and another 
unidentified species, styraceas. 

Adeps benzoinatus, tinctura benzoini, tinctura benzoin! 
composita. 

Name an official volatile oil obtained by (a) distillation, 
(b) expression, (c) maceration and subsequent disiil!a= 
tion, (d) from the fruit. 

(a) Oleum rosmarini. (b) Oleum aurantii. (e) Oleum 
amygdalae amarae. (d) Oleum anisi. 



198 MATERIA MEDIC A. 

Name two official preparations of gum opium. Give 
percentage of morphine contained in each. 

Opii pulvis ; 10 to 10^ per cent morphine. 
Opium grauulatum ; 10 to 10i/£ per cent morphine. 

Name source of (a) Burgundy pitch, (b) cacao butter, 
(c) sassafras pith, (d) matico leaves, (e) lily of the valley. 

(a) The prepared resinous exudation of Abies excelsa (U. 
S. P. 1890). 

(b) A fixed oil expressed from the roasted seeds of Theo- 
broma cacao. 

(c) The dried pith of Sassafras variifolium. 

(d) The leaves of Piper angustifolium (U. S. P. VIII). 

(e) The dried rhizome and roots of Convallaria majalis (U. 
S. P. VIII). 

ALOE. 

(i) Give the official and botanical names, habitat, na- 
tural order and constituents. 

(2) Name all the commercial varieties. 

(3) In what form is aloes used in official preparations. 

(4) From which form is this kind prepared. 

(5) State medical properties and use. 

(6) What active principle is obtained from them and 
which variety yields it most abundantly? 

(1) Official name of both varieties is now aloe. In 1890 
there were two varieties, as follows: Aloe barbadensis, Aloe 
socotrina. 

The inspissated juice of the leaves of Aloe vera and Aloe 
Perryi, or of Aloe ferox. 

Eastern and Southern Curasao, Socotrina and Cape. Other 
varieties from India and northeastern Africa. 

Family or order Liliaceae. It contains aloin, emodin, a trace 
of volatile oil, and resin. 

(2) Socotrine, Curacao, Natal and Cape. 
<3) Purified aloes. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 199 

(4) From the official aloe (Curagao, Cape, and Socotrine). 

(5) It is cathartic and emmenagogue, and used in various 
laxative pills combined with proper agents to prevent griping. 

(6) Aloin, named according to variety, thus: Socaloin, 
from the Socotrine; Barbaloin, from the Barbadoes or Cura- 
gao; and Nataloin, from the Natal variety. Barbadoes or 
Curasao aloes yield it most abundantly. 

ERGOTA. 

(i) Give the name of the fungus producing it and the 
plant upon which it grows. 

(2) Why is this drug used as a haemostatic and upon 
what organ does it principally act? 

(3) Why is its indiscriminate sale reprehensible? 

(1) Sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea (family Hypocrea- 
cese) replacing the grain of rye, Secale cereale (family Gram- 
inse). 

(2) On account of its power to contract unstriped muscular 
tissue. It acts chiefly upon the uterus. 

(3) It may be used for criminal purposes. 

BETULA. 

(1) State what synthetic chemical is identical with the 
volatile oil obtained by distillation from the bark. 

(2) With what other volatile oil is it nearly identical 
and what is the difference between them? 

(3) State their medicinal properties. 

(1) Methyl salicylate. 

(2) Oil of gaultheria. 

Oil of betula is optically inactive, while oil of gaultheria is 
slightly hevogyrate; otherwise they are identically the same. 

(3) They are used as flavoring agents, and in place of 
salicylic acid in rheumatism, neuralgia and kindred diseases. 

Define the following terms, giving an example of each: 
(1) Diuretic, (2) vesicant, (3) anthelmintic, (4) haemos= 



200 MATERIA MEDICA. 

tatic, (5) anesthetic, (6) sialagogue, (7) emmenagogue, 
(8) cholagogue, (9) carminative, (10) diaphoretic. 

(1) A drug that stimulates the secretion of urine. Copaiba. 

(2) A drug that blisters. Cantharis. 

(3) A drug that expels or destroys worms. Santonin. 

(4) A drug that arrests hemorrhage when given internally. 
Ergota. 

( 5 ) A drug that produces a state of unconsciousness. Ether. 

(6) A drug that increases salivary flow. Pilocarpus. 

(7) A drug that stimulates the menstrual flow. Aloe. 

(8) A drug that increases the flow of bile. Euonymus. 

(9) A drug that expels flatus. Mentha piperita. 

(10) A drug that produces sweating. Pulvis ipecacuanhas 
et opii. 

Name five potassium salts, giving their medicinal prop- 
erties and doses of each. 

Potassii iodidum. Alterative. 5 grains. 
Potassii bitartras. Diuretic. 30 grains. 
Potassii bicarbonas. Antacid. 15 grains. 
Potassii bromidum. Depressomotor. 15 grains. 
Potassii et sodii tartras. Purgative. 2y 2 drachms. 

CINCHONA. 

(1) Give the official and botanical names of the two 
official barks. 

(2) From whence de we now receive the best quality, 
and how has our source of supply been to a great extent 
changed? 

(3) State the percentage of total alkaloids required by 
our pharmacopoeia. 

(4) State the various alkaloids obtained therefrom, and 
which is of the most importance. 

(5) Name the preparations of cinchona, stating the 
variety used in each. 

(6) What are the medical properties and uses? 



MATERIA MEDICA. 201 

(1) Cinchona. The dried bark of Cinchona ledgeriana, 
Cinchona calisaya, and of hybrids of these with other species 
of cinchona. 

Cinchona rubra. The dried bark of Cinchona succirubra 
or of its hybrids. 

(2) From the East Indies. Formerly from Peru and Bo- 
livia, but owing to crude methods formerly employed in its 
collection no provisions were made for its future cultivation 
until recently. 

(3) It should yield not less than 5% of total cinchona 
alkaloids. 

(4) It contains in all twenty alkaloids, only six of which 
are important, viz. : quinine, quinidine, quinicine, cinchonine, 
cinchonidine, cinchonicine. Quinine is the most important. 

(5) From cinchona: Fluidextractum cinchonae, tinetura 
cinchonae. From red cinchona: Tinetura cinchonae com- 
posita. 

(6) It is a febrifuge, tonic, antiseptic and antiperiodie. 

ACETANILID. 

(i) State its source and mode of preparation. 

(2) What are its characteristics? 

(3) What is its chief medical property, and why should 
its indiscriminate uses be discouraged? 

(4) In what class of preparations is it the principal in= 
gredient? 

(1) It is the monaeetyl derivative of aniline, and is made 
by heating a mixture of aniline oil and glacial acetic acid to 
the boiling-point; the cooled residue is purified by sublima- 
tion or recrystallization. 

(2) Colorless, shining, micaceous, crystalline laminae, or a 
crystalline powder, permanent in the air. 

(3) It is an antipyretic and a heart depressant, hence 
should be used with caution. 

(4) In various popular headache remedies. 



202 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Give the official and common names and parts used of 
the drugs derived from the following sources, viz.: (i) 
Gadus Morrhua, (2) Physeter Macrocephalus, (3) Bos 
Taurus, (4) Sus Scrofa, (5) Ovis Aries. 

(1) Oleum morrhuae, oleum jecoris aselli. A fixed oil 
from the fresh livers. 

(2) Cetaceum, spermaceti. A peculiar concrete, fatty sub- 
stance obtained from the head. 

(3) Fel bovis, ox-gall. The fresh bile. 

(4) Adeps, lard. The prepared internal fat of the ab- 
domen. 

(5) Adeps lanae, or wool fat, and Sevum praeparatum, or 
prepared suet. The former being the purified fat of the wool, 
the latter the internal fat of the abdomen. 

DIGESTIVE FERMENTS. 

(1) Name two digestive ferments. 

(2) The animal and part of the animal from which 
each is derived. 

(3) The kinds of food upon which they act, and the part 
of the intestinal tract in which this action takes place. 

(4) What can be prescribed with each to increase its 
efficiency? 

(1) Pepsin, pancreatin. 

(2) Pepsin from the glandular layer of the fresh stomach 
of the hog (Sus scrofa, var. domesticus). Pancreatin, from 
the pancreas of warm-blooded animals, usually from the hog 
or the ox (Bos taurus). 

(3) Pepsin acts as a proteolytic ferment and acts in the 
stomach. Pancreatin digests albuminoids and converts starch 
into sugar, dextrin or maltose, and acts in the intestines. 

(4) Dilute acids with pepsin, alkalies with pancreatin. 

DIASTASUM. 
What is Diastase? 

A mixture containing amylolitic enzymes obtained from an 



MATERIA MEDICA. 203 

infusion of malt. It converts not less than 50 times its weight 
of potato starch into sugars. 

Describe it. 

A yellowish- white, amorphous powder or in translucent 
scales; odorless and tasteless. 

State the kind of food upon which it acts and the prod= 
ucts resulting. 

It acts upon starchy food, converting it into dextrin and 
maltose. 

State the U. S. P. dose of the drug. 

0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

FOXGLOVE. 

(i) Define this drug. 

(2) When should it be collected? 

(3) What is its standard of assay? 

(4) What are its therapeutic properties? 

(5) What other drugs belong to the same therapeutic 
group? 

(6) What is its action on the heart, arteries, kidneys, 
and blood pressure? 

(7) In what conditions is it contraindicated? 

(8) Name its official preparations and state their aver= 
age doses. 

(1) The carefully-dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea (Fam. 
Scrophulariaceae), without the presence or admixture of more 
than 2% of stems, flowers or other foreign matter. 

(2) Prom plants of the first years' growth or from those 
of the second years' growth at the commencement of flowering. 

(3) If made into the official tincture and assayed bio- 
logically the minimum lethal dose should not be greater than 
than 0.006 Mil. of tincture, or the equivalent in tincture of 
0.0000005 Gm. of ouabain, for each gramme of body weight 
of frog. 



204 MATERIA MEDICA. 

(4) Cardiac stimulant and diuretic. 

(5) Scilla, convallaria, strophanthus, adonis, black helle- 
bore. 

(6) It slows the heart, contracts the arteries, increases the 
functional activity of the kidneys, and raises the blood pres- 
sure. 

(7) In arterio-sclerosis, atheroma or aneurism. 

(8) Fluidextractum Digitalis, 0.05 Mil. (1 minim). In- 
fusum Digitalis, 4 Mils. (1 fluidrachm). Tinctura Digitalis, 
0.5 Mil. (8 minims). 

Give the source of the following: (a) Strychnine, (b) 
creosote, (c) iodine, (d) citric acid, (e) tannic acid, (f) 
oleic acid, (g) oxalic acid, (h) gallic acid. 

(a) Nux vomica, (b) Beech wood, (c) Kelp and residue 
from Chili saltpetre beds, (d) Limes and lemons, (e) Galls 
or nut-galls, (f) By-product in the manufacture of tallow 
candles, (g) By acting on cellulose, sugar or starch with 
nitric acid, (h) Nut-galls. 

Name the synonyms for each of the following: (a) 
arnica, (b) bryonia, (c) cascara sagrada, (d) caulophyllum, 
(e) colchicum, (f) dulcamara, (g) euonymus, (h) grin- 
delia, (i) pareira, (j) Phytolacca. 

(a) Leopard's bane, (b) Bryony. (c) Chittem bark, 
Sacred bark, (d) Blue cohosh, (e) Meadow saffron, (f) 
Bittersweet, (g) Wahoo. (h) Gum Plant, (i) Pareira 
brava. (j) Poke root. 

Give botanical name and part of the plant used of the 
following: Thoroughwort, wahoo, saffron. 

Thoroughwort, the dried leaves and flowering tops of Eupa- 
torium perf oliatum. 

Wahoo, the dried bark of the root of Euonymus atropur- 
pureus. 

Saffron, the stigmas of Crocus sativus. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 205 

Which contains the greater amount of digitalin, the 
leaves or the seeds of digitalis? Which is official? 

The seeds contain the most. The leaves are official. 

How and from what is manna obtained? 

Manna is the concrete saccharine exudation of Fraxinus 
ornus, and it is obtained by making transverse incisions in 
the bark, and the exuding juice is allowed to harden on the 
tree or on tiles. 

Name and describe the official products from the class 
pisces. 

Oleum morrhuae ; a pale yellow, thin, oily liquid. This is 
the only official product of this class. 

To what does cochineal owe its red color? 

Carminic acid. 

What important official substance is obtained from 
bladderwrack? 

Iodine. 

LYCOPODIUM. 

What is it, and from what obtained? What acid is 
found combined with it? 

The spores of Lycopodium clavatum. 
Oleic acid, C 16 H 30 O 2 . 

What fly found in the United States was formerly 
recognized by the Pharmacopoeia as a substitute for can= 
tharides? 

Cantharis vittata, or potato fly. 

To what family does the plant from which oil of savin 
is obtained belong? Name all other official products of 
this family. 

Conifers. Oleum juniperi, Oleum terebinthinae, Oleum 
pini pumilionis, Oleum cadinum. 



206 MATERIA MEDICA. 

OIL OF CAJEPUT. 

(i) What is its official name? 

(2) Define it. 

(3) State its solubility in alcohol. 

(4) Describe its color, odor and taste. 

(5) State its therapeutic properties and average dose. 

(1) Oleum Cajuputi. 

(2) A volatile oil distilled from the fresh leaves and twigs 
of several varieties of Melaleuca Leucadendron, especially the 
variety Cajeputi and the variety Minor (Fam. Myrtaceae). 

(3) Soluble in one volume of 80% alcohol. 

(4) It is colorless or yellowish, has a peculiar camphor- 
aceous odor, and an aromatic, slightly bitter taste. 

(5) Stimulant, rubefacient, carminative. 0.5 Mil. (8 min- 
ims). 

BITTER APPLE. 

(1) Give its official Latin title. 

(2) Name the plant that yields it and state the family to 
which it belongs. 

(3) Where does the plant grow and what is its char* 

acter? 

(4) What part of the plant is official? 

(5) What kind of impurities does the Pharmacopoeia fix 
a limit upon and what is the percentage limit of each of 
these? 

(6) Name two official synonyms for the drug. 

(7) What is its dose? 

(8) Name its official preparation and state the name of 
an official pill into which one of these preparations enters. 

(9) What are its therapeuic properties? 

(10) Name its important medicinal constituents. 

(1) Colocynthis. 

(2) Citrullus Colocynthis. Family Cucurbitaceae. 

(3) In warm, dry regions of Africa and Asia. It is culti- 



MATERIA MEDICA. 207 

vated in India and in countries bordering the Mediterranean 
Sea. A perennial, trailing, herbaceous vine. 

(4) The dried pulp of the fruit. 

(5) Seeds and epicarp. 5% of seeds and 2% of epicarp. 

(6) Colocynth Pulp, Colocynth Apple. 

(7) 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). 

(8) Extraction Colocynthidis. Pilulae Catharticae Com- 
positae (from the compound extract into which the extract 
enters). 

(9) Drastic purgative, hepatic stimulant, diuretic. 

(10) An amorphous alkaloid and resin. 

AGAR. 
(i) What is it? 

(2) What is its chief use? 

(3) State its medicinal property. 

(4) What is its average dose? 

(1) The dried mucilaginous substance extracted from Gra- 
cilaria lichenoides and other marine algae growing along the 
eastern coast of Asia, particularly several species of Gdidium, 
or Gloiopeltis (Class Rhodophyceae). 

(2) In making culture media for the growth of micro- 
organisms, mainly bacteria and molds. 

(3) Laxative. 

(4) 10 Gm. (2 drachms). 

EMETINAE HYDROCHLORIDUM. 

(1) What is it? 

(2) For what is it employed in medicine? 

(3) State its metric and apothecaries' dose. 

(4) How is it administered? 

(1) The hydrochloride of the alkaloid emetine, obtained 
from ipecac. 

(2) As an agent against Amoeba histolytica which causes 
dysentery and Amoeba buccalis which causes pyorrhoea 
alveolaris. 






208 MATERIA MEDICA. 

(3) Metric., 0.02 6m.; Apothecaries, % grain. 

(4) Hypodermically. 

THEOBROMINAE SODIO=SALICYLAS. 
(i) Of what does it consist? 

(2) State its purity rubric. 

(3) What are its therapeutic properties? 

(4) What are its medicinal uses? 

(5) State its official dose. 

(1) Of approximately molecular proportions of sodium 
theobromine and sodium salicylate. 

(2) It yields, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator 
over sulphuric acid, not less than 46.5% of theobromine. 

(3) Stimulant to secretory epithelium of kidneys. 

(4) In chronic parenchymatous nephritis and in scanty 
urinary secretions following surgical operations. 

(5) 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

THEOPHYLLINA. 

(1) What is Theophylline? 

(2) Where does it occur in nature? 

(3) What is its chemical name? 

(4) What are its therapeutic properties? 

(5) State its average U. S. P. dose. 

(1) An organic base isomeric with theobromine. 

(2) In Tea leaves. 

(3) Dime thy lxanthine. 

(4) Stimulant, diuretic. 

(5) 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 

ACIDUM PHENYLCINCHONICUM. 

(1) What is phenylcinchonic acid? 

(2) Describe its physical characteristics. 

(3) What is its therapeutic property? 

(4) For what is it used in medicine? 

(5) What is its average dose? 



MATERIA MEDICA. 209 

(1) An organic acid, 2-phenyl-quinoline-4 earboxylic acid. 

(2) A white or yellowish- white micro-crystalline powder or 
in small, colorless needles ; odorless or possessing an odor re- 
sembling benzoic acid and a bitter taste. 

(3) Analgesic. 

(4) For the relief of gouty or rheumatic pains and to 
eliminate uric acid. 

(5) 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

Give the Latin official title and average dose of each of 
the following drugs: (a) dionin, (b) atophan, (c) formin, 
(d) trional, (e) phenazone. 

(a) Aethylmorphinae Hydrochloridum, 0.015 Gm. (14 gr.). 

(b) Acidum Phenylcinchonicum, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 

(c) Hexamethylenamina, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 

(d) Sulphonethylmethanum, 0.75 Gm. (12 grains). 

(e) Antipyrina, 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). 

THORN APPLE. 

Give botanical name, part employed and 'name the 
active constituents. 

Datura stramonium and D. Tatula. The dried leaves. It 
contains daturine, which is a mixture of atropine and hyos- 
cy amine. 

Give the official title of a drug that belongs to each of 
the following classes: (a) gum resin, (b) oleo=resin, (c) 
gum, (d) balsam, (e) resin. 

(a) Myrrha. (b) Copaiba, (c) Acacia, (d) Balsamum 
tolutanum. (e) Guaiacum. 

What is guarana? 

A dried paste consisting chiefly of the crushed seeds of 
Paullinia cupana. 

What is gelatin? 

The purified, air-dried product of the hydrolysis of certain 
14 



210 MATERIA MEDICA. 

animal tissues, as skin, ligaments and bones, by treatment 
with boiling water. 

What is isinglass? 

The swimming bladder of Acipenser huso, class Pisces. 

CANNABIS. 

State common names, part of plants used, therapeutic 
properties and preparations. How is the fluidextract of 
this drug assayed? 

Indian Hemp, Guaza, Ganjah. The dried flowering tops of 
the pistillate plants. Analgesic. Extract, fluidextract and 
tincture. Biologically. 

What is xanthoxylum? Give the medical properties? 

The dried bark of Xanthoxylum americanum or of Fagara 
clava-herculis. Sialagogue. alterative and stimulant. 

CONIUM. 
Give common name and part used. 

Poison hemlock. Full-grown but unripe fruit. 

Give two examples each of stimulant and refrigerant? 

Stimulant, alcohol and ammonia; refrigerants, water and 
diluted acids. 

How would you distinguish uva ursi from buchu leaves? 

By odor and appearance. Buchu has crenate or serrate 
margin with oil glands at the base of each tooth, readily seen 
by holding to the light. Uva ursi has smooth margin and no 
oil glands. 

Name two vegetable astringents, giving the parts of the 
plant used. 

Quercus. The bark. 
Rhus glabra. The fruit. 



MATERIA MED1CA. 211 

AURUM. 

What is it? What preparation of it is used and what 
are its medicinal properties? 

Aurum is the Latin name for gold. The preparation used 
is auri et sodii chloridum. Used as an alterative. 

HAEMATOXYLON. 
Give the common name. What acid does it contain? 

Logwood. Tannic acid. 

What is naphthalin? What are its medicinal uses? 

Now official as naphthalenum. Is a hydrocarbon obtained 
from coal-tar and purified by crystallization. Used chiefly as 
an insecticide ; rarely internally as an intestinal antiseptic. 

What are the physiological properties of the salts of 
zinc? 

They are chiefly astringent. 

What are demulcents? Name two demulcents. 

Demulcents are bland substances used to protect mechan- 
ically the gastro-intestinal tract. 
Acacia, flaxseed. 

What is the official name of buckthorn? What is its 
medicinal use? 

Frangula. "When fresh, emetic; when old, tonic, purgative 
and diuretic. 

Name three emollients. Explain their use. 

Lard, glycerin, starch. They protect the surface to whieh 
they are applied from friction and the air. 

GELSEMIUM. 
Give common name and part used. 

Yellow jasmine. Rhizome and roots. 



212 MATERIA MEDIGA. 

CHONDRUS. 
Where is it obtained? What are its medicinal prop- 
erties? 

Atlantic Ocean. Demulcent, nutrient. 

What alkaloid is obtained from scoparius? Describe it. 

Sparteine, a colorless liquid. Official as Sparteine sulphas 
in colorless, rhombokedral crystals or a crystalline powder. 

Name the official decoctions? Why are decoctions not 
desirable preparations? 

All decoctions were dismissed from the Pharmacopceia of 
1890. They do not keep well. 

CETRARIA. 
What is it? Where is it obtained? For what is it used? 

It is a lichen. Cetraria islandica. Northern Hemisphere. 
Used as demulcent and nutrient. 

Give the common names of guaiacum, colchicum, vera» 
trum. 

Lignum vitae, meadow saffron, American hellebore. 

What are the medicinal properties of cod=liver oil? 

It is haematinic, tonic, nutrient, demulcent. 

MAY APPLE, 
(i) What is the official name? 

(2) What parts are used? 

(3) What are the active principles? 

(4) State the therapeutic properties. 

(5) Give the Latin official name of the preparations and 
state the average dose of each. 

(6) What is the standard of assay for the crude drug? 

(1) Podophyllum. 

(2) The dried rhizome and roots. 

(3) Resin consisting mainly of podophyllotoxin and picro- 
podophyllin ; also a purgative resin, podophylloresin. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 213 

(4) Cholagogue cathartic. 

(5) Fluidextractum Podophylli, 0.5 Mil. (8 minims) ; 
Eesina Podophylli, 0.01 Gm. (y 6 gr.). 

(6) Not less than 3% of resin. 

From what is menthol obtained, and what is its use in 
medicine? 

A secondary alcohol obtained from the oil of Mentha 
piperita. It is used as a local remedy in neuralgia and 
headache. 

Give the common name and medicinal properties of 
sanguinaria. 

Bloodroot. Is alterative, sternutatory, stimulant and 
emetic. 

What are haematinics? Name two. 

Haematinics are drugs or agents which improve the quality 
and composition of the blood. Iron and manganese. 

SCILLA. 
Describe it and give the medical properties. 

It is the bulb deprived of its dry membranaceous outer 
scales, cut into thin slices and carefully ,dried, the central 
portions being rejected. It occurs in irregular, somewhat 
translucent, yellowish-white or reddish- white segments. 

It is an expectorant, diuretic, and cardiac stimulant. 

EUCALYPTUS. 
What is the common name and what parts are used? 

Blue gum tree. The dried leaves. 
How is benzoic acid obtained? 

From benzoin by sublimation or prepared artificially. 

Name the official preparations of aconite, lobelia and 
Iactucarium? 

Fluidextractum aconiti, fluidextraetum lobeliae, tinctura 



214 MATERIA MEDICA. 

lactucarii, tinctura aconiti, tinctura lobeliae, syrupus lactu- 
carii. 

(i) What is gossypium? 

(2) What plant is it derived from and where does it 
grow? 

(3) What parts of the plant are official? 

(4) How is gossypium purified? 

(5) What is the soluble form of gossypium called and 
how is it prepared? 

(1) The hairs of the seeds from one or more of the culti- 
vated varieties of Gossypium herbaceum. 

(2) Gossypium herbaceum. Southern United States. 

(3) The hairs of the seed and the bark of the root and an 
oil from the seeds. 

(4) It is first freed from fatty matter by boiling in weak 
alkaline solution, rinsing in a weak solution of chlorinated 
lime to whiten it, dipping in dilute HC1, and then rinsing in 
water and carding. 

(5) Pyroxylin, prepared by treating the cotton with nitric 
and sulphuric acids, and then it is soluble in a mixture of 
one part alcohol, three parts ether. 

(1) What is the official hydrastis? 

(2) Give American name, family and habitat? 

(3) Give its properties and uses? 

(4) What official preparations are made from it? 

(5) What is the drug strength of each? 

(1) The dried rhizome and roots of Hydrastis canadensis 
(Fam. Ranunculaceae), without the presence or admixture of 
more than 2% of the stems, leaves or other foreign matter 
and yielding not less than 2.5% of the ether-soluble alkaloids 
of hydrastis. 

(2) Goldenseal. Ranunculaceae. Eastern United States 
and Canada. 

(3) Alterative to mucous membranes, astringent. It is 
used internally for the treatment of chronic cystitis and dys- 



MATERIA MEDIC A. 215 

pepsia, catarrhs of internal organs, locally in gonorrhoea, leu- 
corrhcea, gleet, chronic nasal catarrh, fissured nipples, etc. 

(5) Fluidextractum Hydrastis, 1 Gm. = 1 Mil. Tinctura 
Hydrastis, 20%. Glyceritum Hydrastis, 1 Gm. = 1 Mil. 

(i) What is a toxin? 

(2) What is an antitoxin? 

(3) Define serum? 

(4) What is antistreptococci serum used for and what 
is the dose? 

(1) By toxin we mean the poisonous principle which is 
developed as a result of the growth and development of 
pathogenic micro-organisms. 

(2) Antitoxin is the principle that develops in an animal 
which has received toxin in proper proportions, that neutral- 
izes the poisonous effect of the toxin. 

(3) By serum we mean the serous or liquid portions of the 
blood which separates from the coagulum on standing. 

(4) It is used in septic conditions and certain malignant 
growths. Dose, 5 to 30 minims injected hypodermatically, 
usually once daily, until reactionary effect is produced. 

DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN. 

(1) What is its Latin official name? 

(2) Describe it. 

(3) How should it be kept in the store? 

(4) By whom is its standard of strength established? 

(5) What is its average hypodermic and protective 
dose? 

(6) What sera only may be sold or dispensed? 

(1) Serum Antidiphthericum. 

(2) A fluid, having a potency of not less than 250 antitoxic 
units per mil., separated from the coagulated blood of the 
horse, Bquus Caballus (Fam. Equidae), or other large domes- 
tic animal, which has been properly immunized against diph- 
theria toxin. 



216 MATERIA MEDIC A. 

(3) In sealed glass containers, in a dark place (refrigera- 
tor) , at a temperature between 4.5° and 15° C. 

(4) By the United States Public Health Service. 

(5) Hypodermic, 10,000 units. Protective, 1000 units. 

(6) Those that have been prepared and propagated in 
establishments licensed by the Secretary of the Treasury of 
the United States. 

ANTIDIPHTHERIC GLOBULINS, 
(i) State its Latin official name. 

(2) What is it? 

(3) How is it prepared? 

(4) Mention two other synonyms for it. 

(5) What is its standard of strength? 

(6) State the amount of phenol or cresol it may contain 
as a preservative. 

(7) What is its average hypodermic dose? 

(1) Serum Antidiphthericum Purificatum. 

(2) A solution in physiological solution of sodium chloride 
of certain antitoxin substances obtained from the blood serum 
or plasma of the horse, Equus Caballus (Fam. Equidae), or 
other large domestic animal, which has been properly immu- 
nized against diphtheria toxin. 

(3) The animal is first immunized against diphtheria toxin, 
then bled and the serum separated from the clot. The anti- 
toxin-bearing globulins are subsequently separated from the 
other constituents of the serum and dissolved in water, and 
sufficient sodium chloride is then added to make a solution 
containing from 0.6 to 0.9% of the salt. This solution of 
antitoxin globulins is then standardized, preserved against 
deterioration by the addition of a germicide and placed in 
glass syringes or other containers which must be sealed. 

(4) Diphtheric Antitoxin Globulins; Concentrated Diph- 
theria Antitoxin. 

(5) Not less than 250 antitoxic units per mil. 

(6) Not more than 0.5 per cent. 

(7) 10,000 units. 



MATERIA MEDIC A. 217 

DRIED DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN. 
How is it prepared and what is its standard of strength? 

By the evaporation of either Antidiphtheric Serum or Puri- 
fied Antidiphtheritic Serum in a vacuum over sulphuric acid 
or other desiccating agent, or by passing over it a current of 
warm air freed from bacteria. Not less than 4000 units per 
gramme. 

WOOL FAT. 

(i) Give the Latin official names and synonyms for the 
two official wool fats. 

(2) What is the difference between the two? 

(3) Describe the two preparations. 

(4) At what temperature do they melt? 

(5) Wool fats form one of the ingredients of seven 
important pharmaceutical preparations. Mention some of 
them and the kind of wool fat employed in each. 

(1) Adeps lanae, adeps lanae hydrosus. Anhydrous Lano- 
lin, Lanolin. 

(2) The hydrous form contains not more than 30% of 
water added to it. 

(3) Wool-fat is a light yellowish, tenacious, unctuous mass. 
Hydrous wool-fat is a yellowish-white or nearly white oint- 
ment-like mass. 

(4) They both melt at 40° C. 

(5) Wool-fat is used in the ceratum plumbi subacetatis; 
hydrous wool-fat in emplastrum hydrargyri, unguentum 
belladonnae, unguentum hydrargyri ammoniati, unguentum 
hydrargyri oxidi fiavi, unguentum hydrargyri oxidi rubri, 
unguentum stramonii. 

AMYL NITRITE. 

(1) Give the official Latin name. 

(2) What is it chemically and what is its chemical 
formula? 



218 MATERIA MEDICA. 

(3) Describe it and state how it should be kept. 

(4) What are its properties and uses? 

(5) Give the dose for internal use and for inhalations. 

(1) Amy lis nitris. 

(2) It contains not less than 80 per cent of amyl (chiefly 
isoamyl) nitrite (C^H^NO,,). 

(3) A clear, yellowish, liquid with a peculiar ethereal, 
fruity odor and a pungent, aromatic taste. It should be kept 
in hermetically-sealed glass bulbs, or in dark amber-colored, 
glass-stoppered vials, in a cool and dark place. 

(4) It is a stimulant, and it is used in asthma, angina 
pectoris, and similar conditions, both internally and by in- 
halation. 

(5) Internally, 3 minims; by inhalation, 5 or 10 minims. 

State the Latin official name for each of the following: 
(a) gallotannic acid, (b) dimethyl=ketone, (c) absolute al= 
cohol, (d) lunar caustic, (e) dermatol, (f) theine, (g) 
quicklime, (h) macrotys, (i) drop chalk, (j) benne oil. 

(a) Acidum Tannicum. (b) Acetonum. (c) Alcohol De- 
hydratum. (d) Argenti Nitras Fusus. (e) Bismuthi Sub- 
Gallas. (f) Caffeina. (g) Calx, (h) Cimicifuga. (i) Creta 
Praeparata. (j) Oleum Scsami. 

CRESOL. 

(1) What is cresol? 

(2) Describe it. 

(3) How should it be kept. 

(4) What are its medicinal properties and uses? 

(5) What important official antiseptic and disinfectant 
fluid is made from it? 

(6) Under what other commercial name are similar dis= 
infectants frequently called? 

(1) A mixture of the three isomeric cresols obtained from 
wood-tar freed from phenol hydrocarbons and water. 



MATERIA MEDIC A. 219 

(2) A colorless or straw-colored refractive liquid turning 
yellowish-brown on long exposure to light. It possesses a 
phenol-like odor. 

(3) It should be kept in amber-colored bottles protected 
from light. 

(4) It is antiseptic and disinfectant, resembling phenol in 
its medical properties, but owing to its greater insolubility 
in water it is nearly always employed in combination with 
alkalies, associated with fatty bodies or soaps. 

(5) Liquor cresolis compositus. 

(6) Lysol, creolin, solveol, and solutol. 

FORMALDEHYDE. 

(i) In what form is this official in the 9th Revision of 
the U. S. Pharmacopoeia? 

(3) How much absolute formaldehyde by weight is it 
required to contain? 

(3) What is it the product of? Describe it. 

(4) What are its medicinal properties and uses? 

(5) What is it often used for unlawfully? 

(6) Mention the best known antidote for its poisonous 
effect? 

(1) Liquor formaldehydi. 

(2) Not less than 37%. 

(3) An oxidation product of methyl alcohol, a clear, color- 
less liquid. Its vapor acts as an irritant to the mucous mem- 
branes, pungent odor, caustic taste, neutral or faintly acid 
reaction. 

(4) Antiseptic and antiferment; used for disinfecting 
apartments after contagious diseases. 

(5) To preserve milk and meat and all foods liable to fer- 
ment on standing. 

(6) Solution of ammonium acetate internally. Ammonia 
by inhalation. 



220 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Give the botanical names of the following drugs: (i) 
wormwood, (2) pleurisy root, (3) calamus, (4) blue co- 
hosh, (5) Irish moss, (6) Iceland moss, (7) pumpkin seed, 
(8) poke root, (9) wild cherry, (10) blackberry. 

(1) Artemisia absinthium. (2) Asclepias tuberosa. (3) 
Acorus calamus. (4) Caulophyllum thalictroides. (5) Gi- 
gartina mamillosa and Chondrus crispus. (6) Cetraria islan- 
dica. (7) Cucurbita pepo. (8) Phytolacca decandra. (9) 
Prunus serotina. (10) Eubus villosus, rubus nigrobaccus, or 
rubus cuneifolius. 

STROPHANTHUS. 

(1) Give the names and character of the plants from 
which it is derived. 

(2) Give its habitat. 

(3) Name the official preparation made from it and state 
its average dose. 

(4) What part of the plant is used? 

(5) Give its medicinal properties and uses. 

(1) The ripe seeds of Strophanthus kombe and Strophan- 
tus hispidus deprived of their long awns. They are woody 
climbers, and the seeds are sent into the market deprived of 
the awns, bu A . are sometimes imported in the follicles, which 
are 20 to 30 Cm. long. 

(2) Tropical Africa. 

(3) Tinctura strophanthi, 0.5 Mil. (8 minims). 

(4) The seed. 

(5) It is a cardiac stimulant and diuretic. Useful in car- 
diac dyspnoea, valvular heart lesions, cardiac dropsy, endo- 
carditis, pulmonary oedema from pneumonia, and weak heart. 

CANTHARIS. 

(1) State its zoological origin. 

(2) From what countries is most of the drug obtained? 

(3) What official preparations are made from the 
beetles? 



MATERIA MEDICA. 221 

(4) What is the standard of assay for the crude drug? 

(5) State its therapeutic properties. 

(1) Cantharis vesicatoria. 

(2) Spain and Russia. 

(3) Ceratum cantharidis, collodium cantharidatum, tinc- 
tura cantharidis. 

(4) Not less than 0.6% of cantharidin. 

(5) Diuretic, vesicant, emmenagogue. 

CAMPHOR. 

(1) What is camphor? Describe it. 

(2) From what is it derived and how? 

(3) From what countries is it obtained? 

(4) Into what official preparations does it enter? 

(5) Give the percentage in each. 

(6) What are its properties and uses, and what is the 
dose of camphor? 

(1) The dextrogyrate modification of the saturated ketone 
from the camphor tree. It occurs in white, translucent 
masses of a tough consistence and a crystalline structure, 
penetrating characteristic odor and pungent, aromatic taste. 

(2) It is prepared from the crude granular camphor by 
sublimation. 

(3) Japan and China. 

(4) Aqua camphorae, 0.8% ; linimentum belladonnae, 5% ; 
linimentum camphorae, 20% ; spiritus camphorae, 10% ; tr. 
opii camphorata, .4. 

(6) It is a stimulant, carminative, and antispasmodic. 
Dose, 2 grains. 

ICHTHYOL. 

(1) What is it? 

(2) Give its synonym? 

(3) Describe it. 

(4) What are its medicinal properties? 

(5) Give dose for internal use. 



222 MATERIA MEDICA. 

(1) A substance obtained from a brownish, mineral con- 
taining animal residue of fish, found in Sufeld and Tyrol, 
purified by distillation and treatment with sulphuric acid. 

(2) Ammonium icythyol-sulphonate. 

(3) A thick, brown, tarry liquid with bituminous odor. 

(4) Antiphlogistic, antiseptic, alterative, and used in skin 
diseases. 

(5) 10 to 15 grains. 

VACCINE VIRUS. 

(i) What is its Latin pharmacopoeial title? 

(2) How is it prepared? 

(3) Give two official synonyms for the drug. 

(4) What is its therapeutic use? 

(5) How should it be kept? 

(1) Virus Vaccinicum. 

(2) A healthy inspected calf or yearling heifer is placed 
on an operating table; the ventral surface of the body is 
shaved and cleansed, and with a curette the skin is scarified 
in parallel straight lines over the ventral portion of the ab- 
domen. The stock cowpox virus is then inoculated in the 
scarified areas. The animal is then released and placed in a 
propagating room, all possible precautions being taken dur- 
ing the period of vaccine propagation to avoid the introduc- 
tion of contaminating bacteria. In from 5 to 7 days numerous 
characteristic vesicles will have developed on the inoculated 
areas of the skin of the animal. At this time the animal is 
taken to the operating table, the field of operation is washed 
with sterile water and the contents of the vesicles are re- 
moved with a sterile curette. The animal is then slaughtered, 
a necropsy made and careful records kept. The contents of 
the vesicles (cow-pox exudate or vaccine) is handled under 
aseptic conditions and rubbed up in a mortar or passed 
through a special grinder, strained to remove coarse particles 
and made into a smooth emulsion with a glycerin solution. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 223 

This is then subjected to tests and examination to determine 
its potency and freedom from pathogenic micro-organisms or 
their toxins, especially tetanus spores or toxin. Permanent 
records are kept of these tests. If found sufficiently potent 
and uncontaminated, the product is placed under aseptic 
conditions, in small, sterile, capillary tubes or upon sterile 
ivory points, hermetically sealed in sterile glass containers, 
properly labeled, dated and marketed. 

(3) Smallpox vaccine ; Jennerian Vaccine. 

(4) As a prophylactic against smallpox. 

(5) In a refrigerator at a temperature between 4.5° and 
15° C, protected from light. 

COLCHICUM. 

(i) Give family and habitat of the plant. 

(2) What portions of the plant are used for official 
preparations? 

(3) Name the official preparations. 

(4) State when the official parts of the plant should be 
collected. 

(5) What portion of the plant represents in most con= 
centrated form its active principles? 

(6) Name the active principle and give dose of the same. 

(7) What are the medicinal properties of colchicum? 

(1) Liliaceae. Southern and central Europe. 

(2) The conn and seed. 

(3) Extractum colchici cormi, fluidextractum colchici sem- 
inis, tinctura colchici seminis. 

(4) The corm in early summer. The seed in autumn. 

(5) The seed. 

(6) Official as colchicina. Dose, 1 / 120 of a grain. 

(7) It is used as an alterative, chiefly in gout and rheu- 
matism. 



224 MATERIA MEDICA. 

NUX VOMICA. 

(i) What is nux vomica? 

(2) Describe the seed. 

(3) Name the active constituents. 

(4) What percentage of total alkaloids should the dry 
or powdered extract contain? 

(5) What amount of total alkaloids should 100 Mils, of 
the fluidextract contain? 

(6) What amount in 100 Mils, of tincture? 

(7) Give the medicinal properties and dose of the pow- 
dered nux vomica, dry extract, fluidextract and tincture. 

(1) The dried ripe seed of Strychnos nux- vomica. It 
should contain not less than 2.5 per cent of the alkaloids of 
nux vomica. Family, Loganiaceae. 

(2) Orbicular, nearly flat, 15 to 30 Mm. in diameter, 3 to 
5 Mm. thick, externally grayish or greenish gray, the surface 
covered with short, closely-appressed, satiny hairs, with a 
slight ridge extending from the center on one side to the edge. 
Internally whitish-gray, horny and very tough, inodorous; 
taste intensely bitter. 

(3) Strychnine, brucine, loganin, igasuric acid. 

(4) Not less than 15.2% nor more than 16.8%. 

(5) Not less than 2.37% nor more than 2.63%. 

(6) Not less than 0.237% nor more than 0.263%. 

(7) Spinal stimulant and tonic. Dose of drug, 1 grain; 
extract, 14 grain; fluidextract, 1 minim; tincture, 8 minims. 

Give the meaning of the following well-known thera- 
peutic terms and mention one drug, chemical and phar- 
maceutical product applicable to each class: (1) diapho- 
retic, (2) anhydrotic, (3) antiseptic, (4) disinfectant, (5) 
deodorant. 

(1) Diaphoretic is a drug that produces sweating, as sul- 
phur, antimony, powder of ipecac and opium. 

(2) Anhydrotic is a drug that dries up secretions, as bella- 
donna, potassium iodide, and extract of opium. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 225 

(3) An antiseptic is a drug that acts upon pathogenic 
micro-organisms, preventing their growth and multiplication, 
such as quinine, corrosive mercuric chloride, and glycerite of 
phenol. 

(4) A disinfectant is a drug that destroys the germs of dis- 
ease as they exist in the atmosphere, water and discharges, as 
formaldehyde, phenol, or solution of chlorinated soda. 

(5) A deodorant is a drug that destroys foul odors, as char- 
coal, potassium permanganate, and solution of chlorine. 

OPIUM. 

(i) What is opium and from what is it obtained? 

(2) To what family does the plant belong? 

(3) What is the required morphine strength of moist 
and powdered opium according to U. S. P.? 

(4) State the therapeutic properties of opium, its alka= 
lords and preparations. 

(5) What is the effect of therapeutic doses on (a) the 
pupil, (b) the pulse, (c) peristalsis. 

(1) The air-dried, milky exudation obtained by incising the 
unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum and its variety album 
(Fam. Papaveraceae), and yielding, in its normal, moist con- 
dition, not less than 9.5 per cent of anhydrous morphine. 

(2) Papaveraceae. 

(3) Moist — not less than 9.5%. Powdered — not less than 
10% nor more than 10.5%. 

(4) Somnifacient, sedative. 

(5) (a) It contracts the pupil, (b) slows the pulse, (c) 
diminishes peristalsis. 

SARSAPARILLA. 

(1) Give the botanical name of the official varieties. 

(2) What is the character of the plant from which it is 
derived? 

(3) Give the names of the four best known varieties, 
15 



226 MATERIA MEDICA. 

and state which of them belong to the mealy and which 
to the non=meaIy varieties. 

(4) Which part of the root is directed by the U. S. P. 
to be rejected? 

(5) What is the name of the active principle and its 
effect on the human system? 

(6) Name the official preparations of sarsaparilla. 

(1) Sniilax medica, Smilax ornata, and Smilax officinalis. 

(2) Perennial climber with long, creeping roots. 

(3) Honduras, Jamaica, and Mexican. Mealy varieties 
are Honduras and Rio Negro; non-mealy are Mexican and 
Jamaica. 

(4) The thick, woody, knotty rhizome, if present, should 
be removed. 

(5) A glucoside called parillin. It is an alterative. 

(6) Fluidextractum sarsaparillae compositum, Fluidex- 
tractum sarsaparillae. 

SENEGA. 

(1) Give the name of the plants from which it is de- 
rived and the family to which it belongs. 

(2) Give its habitat. 

(3) Give the names of the official preparations in which 
it is used. 

(4) What are its medicinal properties? 

(5) What is the name of its active principle, and why 
is ammonia used in the manufacture of its fluid prepara- 
tions? 

(1) The dried root of Polygala senega. Family, Polyga- 
laceae. 

(2) United States. 

(3) Fluidextractum senegae. syrupus senegae, syrupus 
scillae compositus. 

(4) Expectorant and stimulant. 

(5) Senegin and polygalic acid. Liquid preparations are 
very apt to gelatinize owing to the presence of pectin. This 



MATERIA MEDIC A. 227 

is obviated by using some alkali to dissolve it. Formerly am- 
monia was used, but in the present Pharmacopoeia solution 
of potassium hydroxide is advised. 

Give the Latin titles, botanical names and family of each 
of the following: (i) male fern, (2) deadly nightshade, 
(3) sweet flag, (4) marigold, (5) Indian hemp, (6) cayenne 
pepper, (7) buckthorn, (8) yeilow jasmine, (9) cranesbill, 
(lo)boneset. 

(1) Aspidium. Dryopteris filix-mas and Dryopteris mar- 
ginalis. Family, Polypodiaeese. 

(2) Belladonnae folia, belladonnae radix. Atropa bella- 
donna. Family, Solanacese. 

(3) Calamus. Acorus calamus. Family, Aracese. 

(4) Calendula. Calendula officinalis. Family, Composite. 

(5) Cannabis. Cannabis sativa, or its variety indiea. 
Family, Moracese. 

(6) Capsicum. Capsicum fastigiatum. Family, Solanaceas. 

(7) Frangula. Ehamnus frangula. Family, RhamnaceEe. 

(8) Gelsemium. Gelsemium sempervirens. Family, Lo- 
ganiacege. 

( 9 ) Geranium. Geranium maculatum. Family, Geraniaceaa. 

(10) Eupatorium. Eupatorium perfoliatum. Family, Com- 
posite. 

(1) What two official drugs are derived from the nat- 
ural order Piperaceae? 

(2) Give the Latin and the American official title and 
synonyms of each. 

(3) Give habitat of each. 

(4) Give a brief description of each. 

(5) Give the medicinal properties and uses of each. 
' (1) Pepper and cubeb. 

(2) Piper; pepper; synonym, black pepper. Cubeba; 
cubebs. 

(3) Pepper: Cochin China and India. Cubeb: Java, Bor 
neo and Sumatra. 



228 MATERIA MED1CA. 

(4) Pepper, fruit nearly 4 to 5 Mm. in diameter; exter- 
nally brownish or grayish black; odor strong, penetrating; 
taste aromatic and pungent. Cubeb from 10 to 13 Mhl. long, 
the upper portion globoidal, 4 to 5 Mm. in diameter, con- 
tracted at the base into a slender stem-like portion about 6 
or 8 Mm. long. Blackish gray, internally light brown, smooth, 
one-seeded, strong aromatic, somewhat camphoraceous odor 
and taste. 

(5) Pepper is carminative and condiment. Cubeb is stim- 
ulant, diuretic and expectorant. 

Give the Latin title of the following drugs, the part of 
the plant used, and when they should be collected for 
medicinal purposes: (i) chestnut, (2) witch=hazel, (3) 
butternut, (4) lobelia, (5) bloodroot, (6) dandelion, (7) 
couch grass. 

(1) Castanea. The leaves. September and October, while 
leaves are still green. 

(2) Hamamelis. The leaves, bark and twigs. Collected 
during early summer. 

(3) Juglans. The inner bark of root. Collected in the 
autumn. 

(4) Lobelia. The leaves and tops. Collected after a por- 
tion of the capsules have become inflated. 

(5) Sanguinaria. The dried rhizome. Collected after the 
death of the foliage. 

(6) Taraxacum. The dried rhizome and root. Collected 
in autumn. 

(7) Triticum. The dried rhizome. Collected in spring. 

(1) What official drugs are the result of the sting of an 
insect? 

(2) What official drugs consist of whole insects? 

(3) What official drugs consist of substances secreted 
by the digestive organs of the Mammalia? 

(4) What official saccharine substance is obtained from 
a member of the class Mammalia? 



MATERIA MEDICA. 229 

(5) What saccharine substance is secreted by a member 
of the class Insecta? 

(1) Galla, acidum gallicum, acidum tannicum. 

(2) Cantharis, coccus. 

(3) Pepsinum, pancreatinum, fel bovis. 

(4) Saccharum lactis. 

(5) Mel. 

JALAPA. 

(1) Give the family of the drug and state what other 
official crude drug belongs to this family. 

(2) What is the character of the root (official part of 
the plant) ? 

(3) Name the official preparations made therefrom. 

(4) What menstruum is necessary to extract the medi= 
cinal properties of this drug? 

(5) Give the properties and uses, as well as the dose 
of Jalap. 

(1) Convolvulacese. Scaminoniae Radix. 

(2) It is a tuberous root, napiform, pyriform, or oblong, 
3 to 8 Cm. long and 1 to 5 Cm. in diameter. The large roots 
often incised, more or less wrinkled, dark brown, with light- 
colored spots and short, transverse ridges, internally dark 
brown, fracture resinous, odor slight but peculiar, taste sweet- 
ish and acrid. 

(3) Pulvis jalapas compositus, resina jalapa?. 

(4) Alcohol. 

(5) Jalap is a cathartic usually combined with other drugs. 
Dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains). 

Give the English name and define each of the following: 
(1) anthemis, (2) matricaria, (3) crocus, (4) carthamus, 
(5) cusso, (6) kamala, (7) rhamnus purshiana, (8) fran= 
gula, (9) aspidium, (10) aspidosperma. 

(1) Anthemis. The dried flower heads of Anthemis nobilis. 

(2) Matricaria. The dried flower heads of Matricaria 
chamomilla. 



230 MATERIA MEDICA. 

(3) Saffron. The stigmas of Crocus sativus. 

(4) American saffron (safflower). The tubular florets of 
Carthamus tinctorius. 

(5) Kousso. The dried panicles of the pistillate flowers of 
Hagenia abyssinica. 

(6) Kamala. The glands and hairs from the capsules of 
Mallotus philippinensis. 

(7) Cascara sagrada. The dried bark of Rhamnus pursh- 
iana. 

(8) Frangula. The dried bark of Rhamnus frangula. 

(9) Aspidium. The dried rhizome of Dryopteris filix-mas 
and Dryopteris marginalis. 

(10) Quebracho. The dried bark of Aspidosperma que- 
bracho-bianco. 

Name twenty=eight official drugs derived from animal 
sources, giving the unabbreviated official Latin names of 
each. 

Adeps, adeps benzoinatus, adeps lanae, adeps lanae hy- 
drosus, sevum praeparatum, gelatinum, pepsinum, cantharis, 
pancreatinum, suprarenalum siccum, glandulae thyroidum 
siccum, serum antidiphthericum, moschus, coccus, acidum 
lacticum, saccharum lactis, fel bovis, cetaceum, oleum mor- 
rhuae, cera flava, cera alba, hypophysis sicca, virus vaccini- 
cum, serum antidiphthericum purificatum, serum antidiph- 
thericum siccum, serum antitetanicum, serum antitetanicum 
purificatum, serum antitetanicum siccum. 

Give the Latin name of each of the following drugs and 
name the active principles of each: (i) yellow jasmine, 
(2) fish berries, (3) calabar beans, (4) deadly nightshade, 
(5) monkshood, (6) foxglove, (7) culver's root, (8) nut- 
galls, (9) senna, (10) willow bark. 

(1) Gelsemium. It contains gelsemine, gelseminine, and 
gelseminic acid. 

(2) Cocculus indicus. It contains menispermine and pic- 
rotoxin. 



MATERIA MEDIGA. 231 

(3) Physostigma. It contains physostigmine, calabarine, 
and physosterin. 

(4) Belladonnae folia, belladonnae radix. They contain 
atropine, hyoscyamine, and belladonnine. 

(5) Aconitum. It contains aconitine, picraconitine, aeo- 
nitic acid. 

(6) Digitalis. It contains digitalin, digitalein, digitoxin, 
digitonin, and digitin. 

(7) Leptandra. It contans leptandrin and resin. 

(8) Galla. It contains tannic acid and gallic acid. 

(9) Senna. It contains cathartic acid, anthroglucosennin, 
emodin, and chrysophanic acid. 

(10) Salix. It contains salicin. 

State whether the following active principles are alka- 
loids, glucosides, neutral or proximate principles; also 
give rational adult dose of each: (i) gelsemine, (2) picro= 
toxin, (3) caffeine, (4) physostigmine, (5) digitalin, (6) 
aconitine, (7) atropine, (8) salicin, (9) sparteine, (10) 
veratrine. 

(1) Gelsemine: Alkaloid; dose, 1 / 60 grain. 

(2) Picrotoxin: Neutral principle; dose, 1 / co grain. 

(3) Caffeine: Basic proximate principle; dose, 2y 2 grains. 

(4) Physostigmine: Alkaloid; dose, 1 / fl4 grain. 

(5) Digitalin: Glucoside; dose, 1 / 10 grain; "German." 
Pure digitoxin is 1 / 50 grain. 

(6) Aconitine: Alkaloid; dose, 1 / 400 grain. 

(7) Atropine: Alkaloid; dose, 1 / 120 grain. 

(8) Salicin: Glucoside; dose, 15 grains. 

(9) Sparteine: Alkaloid; dose of sulphate, % grain. 

(10) Veratrine: A mixture of alkaloids; dose, 1 / 30 grain. 

From what are the following medicinal substances pre» 
pared? Give the medical properties of each: (1) codeine, 
(2) apomorphine, (3) homatropine, (4) acetaniXid, (5) salol. 

(1) Codeine from opium. Used as a sedative and analgesic. 



232 MATERIA MEDICA. 

(2) Apomorphine is a derivative of morphine. Used as a 
nauseating expectorant and emetic. 

(3) Homatropine is prepared by the condensation of tro- 
pine and mandelic acid. Used as mydriatic. 

(4) Acetanilid is the monacetyl derivative of aniline. 
Used as antipyretic and analgesic. 

(5) Prepared by heating salicylic acid with phenol. Used 
as intestinal antiseptic and antipyretic. 

CINNAMON. 

(i) What varieties of cinnamon are official? 

(2) Give the official Latin and American names. 

(3) How would you distinguish them? 

(4) What variety is the official oil of cinnamon derived 
from? 

(5) What variety is used in making (a) tinctura carda= 
momi composita, tinctura gambir composita, and tinctura 
lavendulae composita, and what variety is used in making 
(b) pulvis aromaticus and tinctura cinnamomi? 

(1) Saigon and Ceylon cinnamon. 

(2) Cinnamomum saigonicum, cinnamomum zeylanicum. 
Saigon cinnamon, Ceylon cinnamon. 

(3) In Ceylon cinnamon the outer bark has been removed 
by scraping, while in Saigon cinnamon it is unscraped. 

(4) Cassia cinnamon. 

(5) (a) In all three tinctures the Saigon variety is used, 
(b) Saigon cinnamon is used in both of these preparations 
also. 

GUARANA. 

(1) What is gu arana? 

(2) What is its botanical origin and from what country 
is it obtained? 

(3) Describe guarana as it is usually met in the market; 
also state how it is prepared by natives. 

(4) What is its chief medicinal constituent or active 
principle? 



MATERIA MEDICA. 233 

(5) What other weIl=known substances contain the 
same active principle, and what are its medical properties 
and uses? 

(1) A dried paste consisting chiefly of the crushed seed. 

(2) Paullinia cupana. Northern and western Brazil. 

(3) Usually in cylindrical sticks, dark reddish brown, frac- 
ture uneven, showing numerous coarse fragments of seeds, 
odor slight, taste astringent, somewhat smoky and pleasantly 
bitter, then sweetish. The seeds are roasted, then broken, 
kneaded with water into a pasty mass, then formed into cakes 
and dried by artificial and solar heat. 

(4) Caffeine. 

(5) Coffee, tea, mate, kola, and cacao bean. It is a nerve 
stimulant and diuretic. 

NATURAL OLEORESINS. 

(1) Name two natural oleoresins. 

(2) What useful and weIl=known volatile oil is obtained 
from one of them? 

(3) How is this oil directed to be rectified for internal 
use by the U. S. P.? 

(4) What official product is obtained from the same 
oleoresin? 

(1) Copaiba, Terebinthina. (2) Oleum terebinthinae. (3) 
By distillation mixed with solution of sodium hydroxide. 
(4) Resina. 

OLEORESINS. 

(1) How many manufactured oleoresins are official? 

(2) Name them. 

(3) Give the official method of manufacture and the 
menstruum in each case. 

(4) Name the one extensively used as a remedy for 
tapeworm and give the adult dose of the same. 

(5) State which of them is used as an expectorant 
remedy and is an ingredient in one of the official troches; 



234 MATERIA MEDICA. 

also name the one known as a valuable counter=irritant 
and forming part of one of the official plasters. 

(1) Six. 

(2) Oleoresina aspidii, oleoresina eapsici, oleoresina cu- 
bebae, oleoresina petroselini, oleoresina piperis, oleoresina 
zingiberis. 

(3) They are all prepared by percolation until exhausted. 
They are all percolated with ether except cubeb, for which 
alcohol is used. 

(4) Oleoresin of aspidium. Dose, 2 Gm. (30 grains). 

(5) The expectorant is oleoresin of cubeb; also used in 
troches of cubeb. Counter-irritant is oleoresin of capsicum, 
and used in capsicum plaster. 

Give the meaning or definition of the following terms 
applied to the action of certain drugs and mention one 
drug belonging to each class: (i) analgesic, (2) antispas» 
modic, (3) mydriatic, (4) myotic, (5) sternutatory, (6) 
diaphoretic, (7) galactagogue, (8) pustulant, (9) aphro= 
disiac, (10) anaphrodisiac. 

(1) Analgesic is a drug that allays pain, as acetanilid. 

(2) Antispasmodic is a drug that allays irregular action 
of the voluntary and involuntary muscles by a calmative in- 
fluence upon the nervous system, such as valerian. 

(3) Mydriatic is a drug that dilates the pupil of the eye, 
as atropine. 

(4) Myotic is a drug that contracts the pupil of the eye, 
as physostigmine. 

(5) Sternutatory is a drug that irritates the nasal mucous 
membrane, causing sneezing, as quillaja. 

(6) Diaphoretic is a drug that produces perspiration, as 
pilocarpus. 

(7) Galactagogue is a drug that increases the mammary 
secretion, as pilocarpus. 

(8) Pustulant is a drug that produces pustules on the skin, 
as croton oil. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 235 

(9) Aphrodisiac is a drug that stimulates the sexual de- 
sire as phosphorus. 

(10) Anaphrodisiae is one that diminishes the sexual de- 
sire, as bromides. 

MEL. 

(i) Give the official American name and its specific 
gravity. 

(2) What is it the product of? 

(3) What is mel despumatum and how is it prepared? 

(4) What is mel rosae and how is it prepared? 

(5) How would you ascertain the presence of glucose 
in the first two products? 

(1) Honey. Specific gravity, 1.370. 

(2) A saccharine secretion deposited in the honeycomb 
by the bee, Apis mellifera. 

(3) Mel despumatum, now official as mel depuratum, is 
prepared by heating honey mixed with paper-pulp over a 
water-bath, removing the scum and straining, then adding 
5% of its weight of glycerin as a preservative. This is 
known as clarified honey. 

(4) This is a mixture of clarified honey and fluidextract 
of rose by simple admixture. 

(5) If 2 C.c. of filtered solution of honey (1 in 4) be 
placed in a test-tube 1 Cm. in diameter, and 1 C.c. of abso- 
lute alcohol be allowed to go down the walls of the tube held 
in an inclined position so as to form an overlying layer, this 
should remain clear and the line of contact should not show 
more than barely noticeable opalescence, which soon disap- 
pears ; a permanent milky zone should not be produced. 

State which of the following active principles are alka= 
loid, neutral principles, proximate principles, or gluco- 
sides; also mention the plants from which they are de= 
rived: (1) codeine, (2) hydrastine, (3) hyoscine, (4) aloin, 
(5) ooniine. Which of them is a liquid alkaloid? 



236 MATERIA MEDICA. 

(1) Codeine, an alkaloid from opium. 

(2) Hydrastine, an alkaloid from hydrastis. 

(3) Hyoscine is an alkaloid and a derivative of hyoscya- 
mine found in hyoscyamus. 

(4) Aloin is a neutral principle from aloes. 

(5) Coniine is an alkaloid from conium. This is a liquid 
alkaloid. 

Name six important liquid alkaloids and the drug from 
which they are derived. State which of these drugs or 
alkaloids are official. 

Sparteine from seoparius. The alkaloid in the form of the 
sulphate is alone official. 

Lobeline from lobelia. Lobelia being official. 

Nicotine from tobacco. Neither official. 

Coniine from conium. Neither official. 

Hygrine from coca. Neither official. 

Pilocarpine from pilocarpus. The hydrochloride and 
nitrate of the alkaloid are official. 

In the study of Materia Medica: (i) What is the use of 
the official title of a drug? 

(2) In addition to the official Latin title or name, how 
many other names may the official drug have? 

(3) What is the purpose of more than one name? 

(4) Give the several names and titles applied to Sabal 
in the U. S. P.; also its family. 

(5) Give the medical properties and uses. 

(1) This is the Latin name and is thoroughly descriptive, 
and is to be used in designating the drug where precision is 
required, as in writing prescriptions, labeling store furni- 
ture, specimens, etc. 

(2) An English name, a synonym or common name may 
be present, a botanical name in case of vegetable substances, 
and the symbolic formulas in the case of chemicals. 

(3) Each name has its distinctive use or field, as the offi- 



MATERIA MEDICA. 237 

eial name in scientific work. The English name in the com- 
mercial transaction and the synonym by the laity in ordinary 
conversation. 

(4) Sabal, official and English name. Saw palmetto, syn- 
onym. Serenoa serrulata, botanical name. Family, Palmse. 

(5) It is used as a diuretic and tonic. 

ACACIA. 

(i) What is acacia derived from? 

(2) Describe it. 

(3) Is the reaction of the aqueous solution acid, alkaline 
or neutral? (a) How does solution of acacia react with 
basic lead acetate, (b) ferric chloride, (c) sodium borate? 

(4) How would you detect the presence of starch or 
dextrine in powdered acacia? 

(5) What official preparations is it a constituent of? 

(1) A gummy exudation from Acacia Senegal and other 
species. Family, Leguminosae. 

(2) In roundish tears of various sizes or broken into an- 
gular fragments, whitish or yellowish-white, translucent, very 
brittle, with a glass-like, sometimes iridescent fracture, nearly 
inodorous, taste insipid and mucilaginous. 

(3) Acid, (a) Gelatinous precipitate, (b) Same, (c) 
Same. 

(4) It is not colored blue by iodine (absence of starch) 
nor red (absence of dextrin). 

(5) Mucilago acaciae, syrupus acaciae, pulvis cretae com- 
positus, mistura glycyrrhizae composita. 

To what three official roots is the term " snake=root " 
often applied? 

Serpentaria, Virginia snake-root; cimicifuga, black snake- 
root; senega, Seneka snake-root, or rattlesnake-root. 

What varieties of senna are official? 

Alexandria and India. 



238 MATERIA MEDICA. 

What is the difference between caffeine and citrated 
caffeine. 

Citrated caffeine is a mixture of caffeine and citric acid, 
the latter making it more soluble. 

Give the Latin names of black, white and green helle- 
bore? 

Black is helleborus niger; white is veratrum album, and 
green is official under the name veratrum. 

How do yellow, green and red iodide of mercury differ? 

Yellow and green are official under the name hydrargyri 
iodidum flavum (formerly viride), and it is mercurous iodide, 
whilst red iodide is hydrargyri iodidum rubrum, and is mer- 
curic iodide. 

Give the average adult dose of the above mercury salts. 

Yellow, % grain ; red, 1 / 20 grain. 

SANTONIN. 

Give the source and average dose for an adult. 

Santonin is the inner anhydride or lactone of santonic acid 
obtained from Artemisia pauciflora. Dose, 1 grain. 

What is terebene? Give its medicinal properties and 
dose. 

A liquid consisting of dipentene and other hydrocarbons 
obtained by the action of concentrated sulphuric acid on oil 
of turpentine, and subsequent rectification with steam. It is 
a stimulating expectorant. Dose, 4 minims. 

Medicinal barks are often described as in flat or quilled 
pieces. What is meant? 

Flat pieces refer to slab-like pieces almost level or only 
slightly curved, whilst quilled pieces are those in which the 
bark is rolled on itself layer after layer and shaped like a 
goose quill. 






MATERIA MEDIC A. 239 

RESINS. 
Define resins, gum=resins and oleoresins. 

Resins are natural or induced, solid or semi-solid exuda- 
tions from plants, characterized by being insoluble in water, 
mostly soluble in alcohol, uncrystallizable, and melting at a 
moderate heat. Gum-resins are natural mixtures of gum 
and resin. Oleoresins are natural mixtures of oil and resin. 

What is May=apple root? What is its active principle 
and dose of its active principle? 

May-apple root is official as podophyllum, and the resinous 
substances extracted from the powdered rhizome and roots 
with alcohol are official as resina podophylli. Dose % grain. 

What is strophanthus, its medical properties and the 
dose of the tincture? 

The ripe seeds of Strophanthus kombe or Strophanthus 
hispidus deprived of their long awns; family, Apocynaceae. 
Strophanthus is a cardiac stimulant and general sedative. 
Dose of tincture is 8 minims. 

Give the source and dose of picrotoxin. 

A neutral principle obtained from the seed of Anamirta 
paniculata; family, MenispermaceaB. Dose, 1 / 60 grain. 

Give the properties and dose of potassium permanganate. 

Potassium permanganate is one of the most powerful oxi- 
dizing agents known, hence its value as a disinfectant. Chem- 
ically it is a volumetric test and oxidizer. It has been used 
as an antidote to morphine poisoning and snake bite. In the 
latter ease a strong solution should be injected into the parts 
which were bitten. Dose, 1 grain. 

What are glycerites and name those official? 

These are solutions of medicinal substances in glycerin. 
Glyceritum acidi tannici, glyceritum amyli, glyceritum 
boroglycerini, glyceritum hydrastis, glyceritum phenolis. 



240 MATERIA MEDICA. 

What are emulsions and name a natural emulsion? 

Emulsions are liquid preparations in which fats, oils, or 
oleoresinous substances are suspended in water, usually by 
the intervention of some gummy or mucilaginous substance. 
Milk is a natural emulsion. 

What are enteric medicines? 

Medicines that act primarily and directly in the intestinal 
tract and not in the stomach. 

Give the common name of (a) fructus, (b) radix, (c) 
semen, (d) folia, (e) flora. 

(a) Fruit. (b) Root. (c) Seed, (d) Leaves. (e) 
Flowers. 

From what are the following acids obtained: (a) acetic, 
(b) citric, (c) carbolic, (d) lactic, (e) oxalic, (f) tartaric? 

(a) Ethyl alcohol and destructive distillation of wood. 
(b) Obtained from limes and lemons, (c) Coal-tar. (d) 
Milk, (e) Sawdust and cellulose, (f) Argols. 

STRAMONIUM. 

Name three official preparations. 

Extractum stramonii, fluidextractum stramonii, tinctura 
stramonii. 

What is the name of the alkaloid in stramonium? 

Daturine, which is a mixture of atropine and hyoscyamine. 

What is meant by the term drastic purgatives and name 
some? 

These are strongly irritant to the intestinal mucous mem- 
brane and occasion free transudation from its vessels and 
fluid stools. Jalap, colocynth, gamboge, seammony, elater- 
ium, podophyllum, croton oil. 

What is squill? (a) Give botanical name, (b) Habitat. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 241 

(c) What are its medicinal properties? (d) Name the offi= 
cial preparations. 

(a) The bulb of Urginea maritima. Family, Liliacese. 

(b) Basin of the Mediterranean. 

(c) Expectorant, emetic, diuretic. 

(d) Acetum scillae, syrupus scillae, fluidextractum scillae, 
tinctura scillae, syrupus scillae compositus. 

Why would you use alcohol in making tincture of 
ginger and dilute alcohol in making tincture of opium? 

Because these are the best solvents of the active constit- 
uents in the respective drugs. 

What bitter principles are found in Columbo root? 

Columbin, berberine and columbic acid. 

Which is the stronger alkaloid, strychnine or brucine? 
Give dose of each. 

Strychnine is the stronger. Strychnine, dose, 1 / 60 to 1 / 20 
grain ; brucine, dose, ^ to ^ grain. 

How would you distinguish creosote from carbolic acid? 

When cooled to low temperature creosote gelatinizes; car- 
bolic acid crystallizes. Creosote, with 120 parts of hot water, 
forms a clear liquid, which on cooling becomes turbid from 
the separation of minute oily drops. Carbolic acid does not. 
The filtrate from these separated oily drops forms a reddish- 
brown precipitate with bromine test solution. Carbolic acid 
yields a white precipitate. Creosote does not coagulate eol- 
lodium; carbolic acid does. If one volume of creosote be 
mixed with one volume of glycerin a clear mixture will result 
from which a creosotic layer equal or greater in volume than 
the creosote employed will separate on the addition of 14 
volume of water. Carbolic acid remains clear. On adding 
to 10 C.c. of a saturated aqueous solution of creosote 1 drop 
of ferric chloride T. S. the liquid develops a deep violet-blue 
tint, which is very transient; it then clouds almost instantly 
and passes into a grayish-green then muddy-brown, with 
16 



242 MATERIA MEDICA. 

finally the formation of a brown precipitate. Carbolic acid 
produces a violet-blue color, which is permanent. 

(a) What is a saturated solution? (b) How much boric 
acid will dissolve in one fluid ounce of water to make a 
saturated solution? (c) How much potassium iodide? 

(a) A saturated solution is one in which the solvent has 
exercised its power to the fullest extent and cannot retain 
any more of the dissolved substance. 

(b) 25 grains at 25° C. 

(c) 651 grains. 

Why is lime used as an antidote for poisoning with 
oxalic acid? 

It forms an insoluble calcium oxalate. 

Give antidote for phosphorus and prussic acid. 

Phosphorus : Copper sulphate or old French oil of turpen- 
tine, no other oils; potassium permanganate. Prussic acid: 
Usual emetics, hydrogen peroxide, ammonia by inhalation, 
strong cardiac and respiratory stimulants. Cobalt nitrate is 
a chemical antidote. 

Give dose and use of the following: (a) phosphorus, 
(b) spirit of nitro=glycerin, (c) wine of ipecac, (d) com= 
pound powder of jalap, (e) antimonial powder, (f) fiuid= 
extract of goldenseal, (g) fluidextract of aconite, (h) 
castor oil, (i) tincture of digitalis, (j) Dover's Powder. 

( a ) V120 grain. Alterative, nerve tonic. 

(b) 1 minim. Cardiac stimulant, vaso-dilator. 

(c) 15 minims. Expectorant, emetic. 

(d) 30 grains. Diuretic, purgative. 

(e) 3 to 5 grains. Diaphoretic. 

(f) 30 minims. Astringent, alterative, tonic. 

(g) 1 minim. Cardiac sedative, antipyretic, 
(h) 4 drams. Purgative. 

(i) 8 minims. Cardiac stimulant, 
(j) 8 grains. Diaphoretic. 



MATERIA MEDICA. 243 

Define (a) laxative, (b) antiseptic, (c) emollient, (d) 
emmenagogue. Give an example of each. 

(a) Laxative. Is a drug that produces a very mild pur- 
gative action, causing softened stools, as figs. 

(b) Antiseptic. Is a drug that arrests or prevents the 
development of micro-organisms, such as corrosive mercuric 
chloride. 

(c) Emollient. Is a bland substance applied to the skin 
for a protective action, such as glycerin. 

(d) Emmenagogue. Is a drug that stimulates the men- 
strual flow, as ergot. 

(a) Into what four important classes are drugs of ani= 
mal origin divided? (b) Give examples of each. 

Mammalia — Adeps, adeps lanae, sevum praeparatum, gelat- 
inum, pepsinum, pancreatinum, glandulae suprarenales siccae, 
glandulae thyroidae siccae, serum antidiphthericum, moschus, 
acidum lacticum, saccharum lactis, fel bovis, cetaceum, hypo- 
physis sicca. 

Pisces — Oleum morrhuae. 

Insecta — Cera flava, cantharis, coccus, mel. 

Aves — No official drugs in this group. 

Give common name for each of the following and state 
what part of the plant is used: (a) absinthium, (b) rhus, 
toxicodendron, (c) carum, (d) asclepias, (e) lappa, (f) 
eupatorium. 

(a) Wormwood. The leaves and tops. 

(b) Poison ivy. Leaves. 

(c) Caraway. The dried fruit. 

(d) Pleurisy root. Eoot. 

(e) Burdock. Root. 

(f) Boneset, thoroughwort. Leaves and tops. 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 



What is chemistry? 

Chemistry is that science which treats of the composition 
of matter and of the changes which this composition may 
undergo. 

What is an element? 

An element is a substance that has never been found to 
contain more than one kind of matter. 

How many elements are there? 

About 83. 

Name ten elements, with symbols, and atomic weights. 

Arsenic, As, 74.96. Bromine, Br, 79.92. Calcium, Ca, 
40.07. Carbon, C, 12. Chlorine, CI, 35.46. Hydrogen, H, 
1.008. Iron, Fe, 55.84. Lead, Pb, 207.10. Mercury, Hg, 
200.6. Oxygen, O, 16. 

Define chemism. 

Chemism is that force which determines combination be- 
tween atoms. 

What is atomic weight? 

The atomic weight of an element is the relative weight of 
one atom of that element as compared with the weight of one 
atom of hydrogen. 

What is molecular weight? 

The molecular weight is the sum of the atomic weights of 
the atoms in a molecule. 

245 



246 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

What is an ion. 

One of the elements that appears at the respective poles 
when a body is subjected to electrolysis. 

What do you mean by valency? What is meant by the 
valence (or quantivalence) of an element? 

Valence (valency or quantivalence) is that property of an 
element by virtue of which its atom can hold in combination 
a certain number of atoms of another kind. The valence of 
an element refers to the number of atoms of hydrogen with 
which its atom will combine, or which it can replace in a 
molecule. 

What is a symbol? 

An abbreviation of the Latin name for an element. Ex- 
ample : Hydrogen, H, from Hydrogenium. 

What is a formula? 

A formula is a group of symbols representing a chemical 
compound. Example : Water, H 2 0. 

What is an equation? 

An algebraic arrangement of symbols, or formulae, or both, 
expressing a chemical reaction. Example : Zn -f- H 2 S0 4 = 
ZnS0 4 -f H 2 . 

What is an acid? 

A compound containing hydrogen, part of which at least 
may be replaced by a metal to form a salt. 

What element must all acids contain? 

Hydrogen. 
What is a base? 

The chemical opposite of an acid; the true bases are hy- 
droxides of the metals and basic radicals. 

What is a salt? 

A compound formed from an acid by substituting a metal 
or basic radical for part or all of the replaceable hydrogen 
of the acid. 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 247 

What is meant by a normal salt in chemistry? 

A salt formed from an acid by substituting a metal or basic 
radical for all of the replaceable hydrogen of the acid. 

Are normal salts neutral, acid, or alkaline to litmus 
paper? 

Generally neutral, but may be either acid or alkaline. 

What is the meaning of the terminations "ic" and "ous" 
when applied to acids made from the same element? 

The acid with the lesser relative amount of oxygen takes 
the termination "ous"; that with the greater amount of 
oxygen takes the termination "ic". 

Give the chemical formulae of sulphuric and sulphur= 
ous acids. 

H 2 S0 4 and H 2 S0 3 , respectively. 

Give the chemical formulae of nitric acid and nitrous 
acid. 

HN0 3 and HN0 2 , respectively. 

What does it mean when these terminations (ous and 
ic) are applied to the oxides of the same metals? 

The "ous" termination indicates the lower valence (real 
or apparent) of the metallic element, e. g., mercurous oxide, 
Hg 2 0, and mercuric oxide, HgO. 

Give the chemical formula for (a) mercuric oxide; (b) 
mercurous oxide; (c) ferric oxide; (d) ferrous oxide. 

(a) HgO. (b) Hg 2 0. (c) Fe 2 3 . (d) FeO. 
Distinguish between " ate " and " ite " salts. 

Salts with names ending in "ate" are derived from oxy- 
acids ending in "ic"; salts with names ending in "ite" are 
derived from acids with names ending in "ous". 

.What is a radical? 

f An atom or group of atoms with unsatisfied valences — in- 
capable of existing in the free state. 



248 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

Write the official Latin name for each of the following: 
(i) Lime water, (2) Goulard's Extract, (3) Cold Cream, 
(4) White Vitriol, (5) Red Precipitate, (6) Rochelle Salts. 

(1) Liquor calcis. (2) Liquor plumbi subacetatis. (3) 
Unguentum aquae rosae. (4) Zinci sulphas. (5) Hydrar- 
gyri oxidum rubrum. (6) Potassii et sodii tartras. 

State briefly the composition and mode of formation of 
acids, bases, and salts. Give an example of each. 

Acids are compounds containing hydrogen, part of which 
at least may be replaced by a metal. A true base is a com- 
pound of a metal or basic radical with hydroxyl. Salts are 
compounds formed from acids by replacing part or all of the 
hydrogen of the acid with metals or basic radicals. Exam- 
ples: Acid, H 2 S0 4 . Base, Ba(OH) 2 . Salt, BaS0 4 . 

Define reduction, oxidation, valence, electrolysis, amor« 
phous, deliquescent, efflorescent. 

Reduction is the process of removing oxygen from a com- 
pound. Oxidation is the process of introducing oxygen into 
a compound. Valence is that property of an element by 
virtue of which its atom combines with a certain number 
of atoms of another kind. Electrolysis is the decomposition 
of a fluid by the electric current. Amorphous is a term ap- 
plied to substances without regularity of internal structure, 
to substances not crystalline. Deliquescent substances are 
those which absorb water on exposure to air. Efflorescent 
substances are those which lose water of crystallization on 
exposure to air. 

Define precipitant. 

A. precipitant is a substance which, added to a solution, 
will cause a precipitation of part or all of its constituents. 

Define indicator. 

A substance used to determine the completion of a chem- 
ical change. 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC, 249 

Give the meaning of the following abbreviations 
adopted by the United States Pharmacopoeia: T. S., V. S., 

N N N N 2 „ xr 

F' 2* 10' TOO' N 0F 2N « 

Test solution, volumetric solution, normal solution, half- 
normal solution, tenth-normal solution, hundredth-normal 
solution, double normal. 

Give the chemical formulas and the proper chemical 
names of the following substances: (i) litharge, (2) sugar 
of lead, (3) blue vitriol, (4) green vitriol, (5) white vit- 
riol, (6) pearl white, (7) lunar caustic, (8) red precipi= 
tate, (9) calomel, (10) corrosive sublimate. 

(1) Lead oxide, PbO. (2) Lead acetate, Pb(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 + 
3H 2 0. (3) Copper sulphate, CuS0 4 -f 5H 2 0. (4) Ferrous 
sulphate, FeS0 4 -f 7H 2 0. (5) Zinc sulphate, ZnS0 4 + 
7H 2 0. (6) Bismuth oxychloride, BiOCl. (7) Silver nitrate, 
AgN0 3 . (8) Mercuric oxide, HgO. (9) Mercurous chlor- 
ide, Hg 2 Cl 2 or HgCl. (10) Mercuric chloride, HgCl 2 . 

Chemical terms: Give the meaning of the following 
chemical terms: (1) dimorphous, (2) trirnorphous, (3) 
polymorphous, (4) isomorphism, (5) tabular, (6) laminar, 
(7) acicular, (8) prismatic (when applied to crystals), 
(9) deliquescent, (10) hygroscopic. 

(1) Dimorphous, that which may crystallize in two forms. 

(2) Trirnorphous, that which may crystallize in three forms. 

(3) Polymorphous, that which may crystallize in more than 
two forms. (4) Similarity in crystal form. (5) Tablet-like. 
(6) Scale-like. (7) Needle-like. (8) Long, distinctly crys- 
talline needles. (9) and (10) That which absorbs moisture 
on exposure to air. 

Define the following terms: (a) oxidizing agent, (b) 
reducing agent. Give an example of each. 

(a) That which will impart oxygen to another substance. 
Examples : Oxygen and nitric acid. 

(b) That which will take oxygen away from another sub- 
stance. Examples: Hydrogen and carbon. 



250 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

Define (a) radical, (b) unsaturated molecule, (c) dia- 
tomic, (d) monoxide. 

(a) An atom or group of atoms with unsatisfied valences 
incapable of existing in the free state. 

(b) A molecule to which atoms may be added without dis- 
placing any already present. 

(c) Diatomic, consisting of two atoms. The term is gener- 
ally applied to the hydroxides containing two groups of OH. 

(d) Monoxide, an oxide with but one atom of oxygen. 

Write chemical formula for (a) phosphoric acid, (b) 
acetic acid, (c) ferric chloride, (d) ferrous carbonate. 

(a) H 3 P0 4 . (b) HC 2 H 3 2 . (c) Fe 2 Cl 6 , or FeCL. (d) 
FeC0 3 . 

Give the chemical formula for each of the following 
substances: (i) hydrogen peroxide, (2) muriatic acid, (3) 
oil of vitriol, (4) aqua fortis, (5) alcohol, (6) lime, (7) 
mercuric iodide, (8) copperas, (9) blue vitriol, (10) table 
salt. 

(1) H 2 2 . (2) HC1. (3) H 2 S0 4 . (4) HN0 3 . (5) 
C 2 H 5 OH. (6) CaO. (7) Hgl 2 . (8) FeS0 4 .7H 2 0. (9) 
CuS0 4 .5H 2 0. (10) NaCl. 

Give English names of each of the following: (a) 
K 2 Cr 2 7 , (b) HCN, (c) K 3 C 6 H 5 7 , (d) Fe 2 (S0 4 ) 3 . 

(a) Potassium dichromate. (b) Hydrocyanic acid or prus- 
sic acid, (c) Potassium citrate, (d) Ferric sulphate. 

Complete the following equations: 

(a) Pb(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 + Nal = 

(b) NaHS0 4 +Pb(N0 3 ) 2 = 

(c) ZnC0 3 + HCl = 

(d) FeS 2 +H 2 S0 4 = 

(a) Pb(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 -4JNaI = 2NaC 2 H 3 2 + PbL. 

(b) NaHS0 4 + Pb(N0 3 ) 2 = HN0 3 -f NaN0 3 + PbS0 4 . 

(c) ZnC0 3 + 2HC1 = ZnCL -f H 2 + C0 2 . 

(d) FeS 2 + H 2 S0 4 =, if strongly heated, H 2 S and 






CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 251 

FeS0 4 -f- S, which burns in the air to S0 2 . In the cold no 
reaction takes place. 

Finish out the following equations: 

(a) K 2 C0 3 + Ca(OH) 2 = 

(b) CaC0 3 + H 2 S0 4 = 

(c) NaHC0 3 + KHC 4 H 4 6 = 

(d) CaO + H 2 = 

(e) Give the common names of the salts obtained in 
(c) and (d). 

(a) = 2KOH -f CaC0 3 . 

(b) =C&S0 4 .+ H 2 + C0 2 . 

(c) = NaKC 4 H 4 6 + H 2 + C0 2 . 

(d) = Ca(OH) 2 . 

(e) NaKC 4 H 4 6 is Bochelle salt; Ca(OH) 2 is calcium hy- 
droxide or slaked lime. 

Give the English names of the following: (a) Pb(N0 3 ) 2 , 
(b) Hg(CN) 2 , (c) Fe 2 (OH) 6 , (d) Asl 3 . 

(a) Lead nitrate, (b) Mercuric cyanide, (c) Ferric hy- 
droxide, (d) Arsenic tri-iodide. 

Complete the following equations: 

(a) Ba0 2 -f H 3 P0 4 ^ 

(b) PhCl 2 + H 2 S = 

(c) Mn0 2 + 4HC1 = 

(d) CaF 2 + H 2 S0 4 = 

(a) = H 2 2 + BaHP0 4 . 

(b) =PbS + 2HCl. 

(c) =MnCl 2 + 2H 2 + Cl 2 . 

(d) — CaS0 4 + 2HF. 

What percentage of iron is present in FeS0 4 .7H 2 0? 
At. wts.: Fe = 56, S = 32, 0=ri6, H = i. 

20-(- per cent. Using the atomic weights given, the molec- 
ular weight of the compound is 278. 56 divided by 278 gives 
the amount of iron in one part of the substance — the amount 
in 100 parts (per cent) equals 100 times the amount in one 
part. 



%7 ST 



) 



<k- 



252 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 



State how many grammes of ferrous sulphate can be 
obtained from 150 grammes of iron if allowed to react 
with a sufficient quantity of sulphuric acid. You may 
assume that the iron and acid are 100 per cent pure. At. 
wts.: Fe = 56, H = i, S = 32, O = 16. 

The reaction between iron and sulphuric acid is repre- 
sented by the equation Fe -f H 2 S0 4 = FeS0 4 + H 2 . Using 
the atomic weights given, the molecular weight of FeS0 4 is 
152. According to the equation, then, 56 parts of Fe will 
make 152 parts of FeS0 4 . One part of Fe will make (152 -=- 
56) = 2.71 parts of FeS0 4 , and 150 parts (grammes) of iron 
will make (150 X 2.71) = 406.5 parts (grammes) of ferrous 
sulphate, FeS0 4 . 

How much zinc oxide can be made by calcining 100 
grammes of zinc carbonate (ZnC0 3 )? Zn = 6s, C = i2, 
= i6. 

The reaction may be represented by the equation ZnC0 3 = 
ZnO -4- COo. Using the atomic weights given, the molecular 
weight of ZnCO s is 125, and the molecular weight of the zinc 
oxide, ZnO, is 81. From the equation, then, 125 parts of 
ZnC0 3 will yield 81 parts of ZnO. One part of ZnC0 3 will 
yield, 81 -f- 125 = 0.648 part of ZnO, and 100 parts will 
yield, 0.648 X 100 = 64.8 parts (or grammes). 

Complete the following equations: 

(a) Sb 2 3 + 2KHC 4 H 4 6 = 

(b) HgCI 2 + 2K0H = 

(c) H 2 S0 4 + Zn = 

(a) = 2KSbOC 4 H 4 6 + H 2 0. 

(b) = HgO + 2KC1 -f- H 2 6. 

(c) =ZnS0 4 + H 2 . 

Give the common names of the following: 

(a) K(SbO)C 4 H 4 O a . 

(b) KNaC 4 H 4 6 . 

(c) A1 2 K 2 (S0 4 ) 4 . 

(d) (MgC0 3 ) t .Mg(OH) 2 . 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 253 

(a) Tartar emetic, (b) Rochelle salt, (c) Potash, alum, 
(d) Magnesium carbonate, or magnesia alba. 

Write the chemical formula for each of the following: 
(a) mercurous oxide, (b) potassium sulphide, (c) ferric 
chloride, (d) ammonium sulphate. 

(a) Hg 2 0. (b) K 2 S. (c) Fe 2 Cl 6 or FeCl 3 . 

(d) (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 . 

Give the English names for each of the following: 

(a) Zn(N0 3 ) 2 . 

(b) KHC 2 4 . 

(c) Pb(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 . 

(d) Na 2 HP0 4 . 

(a) Zinc nitrate, (b) Potassium-hydrogen oxalate, (c) 
Lead acetate, (d) Disodium phosphate. 

Complete the following equations: 

(a) 2KI + HgC! 2 = 

(b) FeBr 2 -f Na 2 C0 3 = 

(c) NH 4 OH-f HBr = 

(d) ZnO + 2HC 2 H 3 2 = 

(a) = 2KCl-f Hgl 2 . 

(b) = FeC0 3 + 2NaBr. 

(c) = NH 4 Br -f- H 2 0. 

(d) =Zn(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 + H 2 0. 

Complete the following equations: 

(a) AgN0 3 + HCl = 

(b) KHC0 3 + HC 2 H 3 2 = 

(c) 2Nal -f 2H 2 S0 4 -f Mn0 2 = 

(d) 2HC 7 H 5 2 + Na 2 C0 3 =. ' 

(e) Na 2 B 4 7 -f ioH 2 -f 2HCI = 

(a) =AgCl + HNO,. : I 

(b) =KC 2 H 3 2 -f H 2 + C0 2 . ■ '"" 

(c) = Na 2 S0 4 + MnS0 4 + I 2 -p 2H 2 0. 

(d) = 2NaC 7 H 5 0, + H 2 +■ CO a . 

(e) = 2NaCl + 4H.BO, + 5H a O. 



254 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

Give the symbol and atomic weight of the following: 
(i) aluminum, (2) antimony, (3) bismuth, (4) calcium, 
(5) copper, (6) iodine, (7) iron, (8) lead, (9) magnesium, 
(10) silver. 

(1) Al, 27.1. (2) Sb, 120.2. (3) Bi, 208. (4) Ca, 40.07. 
(5) Cu, 63. (6) I, 126.92. (7) Fe, 55.84. (8) Pb, 207.10. 
(9) Mg, 24.32. (10) Ag, 107.88. 

Write the chemical names represented in the follow= 
ing symbols: 

(1) AI 2 K 2 (S0 4 ) 4 .24H 2 0. 

(2) Sb 2 O s . 

(3) BiC 6 H 5 7 . 

(4) CaS. 

(5) CuS0 4 . 5 H 2 0. 

(6) NH 4 I. 

(7) FeS0 4 . 7 H 2 0. 

(8) PM 2 . 

(9) MgS0 4 . 7 H 2 0. 

(10) AgCN. 

(1) Aluminium-potassium sulphate or alum. (2) Anti- 
mony trioxide. (3) Bismuth citrate. (4) Calcium sulphide. 
(5) Copper sulphate. (6) Ammonium iodide. (7) Ferrous 
sulphate. (8) Lead iodide. (9) Magnesium sulphate. (10) 
Silver cyanide. 

Give the chemical formula for each of the following: 
(a) alcohol, (b) sulphuric acid, (c) copper sulphate, (d) 
ammonium chloride. 

(a) C 2 H 5 OH. (b) H 2 S0 4 . (c) CuS0 4 .5H 2 0. (d) 
NH 4 C1. 

Complete the following equations: 

(a) As 2 3 + KHCO, = 

(b) K 2 S0 4 +BaCI 2 = 

(c) Ba0 2 + H 3 P0 4 = 

(d) FeCI, + HCI + HNO3 = 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 255 

(a) As 2 3 .+ 4KHC0 3 = 2K 2 HAs0 3 + H 2 + 4C0 2 . 

(b) K 2 S0 4 + BaCl 2 = BaS0 4 + 2KC1. 

(c) Ba0 2 + H 3 P0 4 = BaHP0 4 + H 2 2 . 

(d) 2FeCl 2 ,-f 2HC1 + 2HN0 3 = Fe 2 Cl 6 + 2H 2 -f N 2 4 . 

Write the official Latin name for the following (no 
abbreviations): (i) Labarraque's Solution, (2) Goulard's 
Solution, (3) Donovan's Solution, (4) Lugol's Solution, 
(5) Spirits Mindererus, (6) Basham's Mixture, (7) Carron 
Oil, (8) Hartshorn Liniment, (9) Sweet Spirits Nitre, 
(10) Elixir Vitriol. 

(1) Liquor sodae chlorinatae. (2) Liquor plumbi subace- 
tatis. (3) Liquor arseni et hydrargyri iodidi. (4) Liquor 
iodi compositus. (5) Liquor ammonii acetatis. (6) Liquor 
ferri et ammonii acetatis. (7) Linimentum ealcis. (8) 
Linimentum ammoniae. (9) Spiritus aetheris nitrosi. (10) 
Aeidum sulpburicum aromaticum. 

Give the English names for each of the following: 

(a) KC10 3 . 

(b) AgN0 3 . 

(c) IigC! 2 . 

(d) MnS0 4 . 

(a) Potassium chlorate, (b) Silver nitrate, (c) Mer- 
curic chloride, (d) Manganese sulphate. 

What is the difference between a binary and a tenary 
compound? Give examples. 

A binary compound is one composed of two kinds of atoms 
or radicals ; e. g., NaCl, HBr. 

A ternary compound is one composed of three or more 
kinds of atoms or radicals ; e. g., KCNS, H 3 P0 4 . 

What is specific volume? 

The specific volume of a substance is the molecular weight 
of the substance divided by its specific gravity. 

Define specific gravity. 

Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a body com- 



256 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

pared with the weight of an equal volume of a standard, sub- 
stance. 

How can the specific gravity of a substance be deter- 
mined? 

By weighing equal volumes of substance and standard, 
and dividing the weight of the substance by that of the 
standard. Also, more conveniently, for liquids, by means of 
the hydrometer. 

What is a (a) hydrometer, (b) alcoholometer, (c) urino- 
meter, (d) saccharometer? 

(a) The hydrometer is an instrument for determining the 
specific gravity of liquids or solutions containing water. It 
is generally made of glass tubing, with air-bulb, and so 
weighted as to be maintained in an upright position when 
floating. The specific gravity of the liquid is shown by the 
depth to which the instrument sinks, and is read from a scale 
on the stem. 

(b) The alcoholmeter is an instrument for the determina- 
tion of the percentage of alcohol in liquids. Its general con- 
struction is the same as that of the hydrometer. 

(c) The urinometer is a hydrometer with a scale of con- 
venient iength suitable for determination of the specific 
gravity of urine. 

(d) A saccharometer is a hydrometer with special scale, 
arranged to give the percentage of sugar in solution. 

Define (a) adhesion, (b) cohesion, (c) Give an example 
of each. 

(a) Adhesion is the force of attraction between unlike 
molecules. 

(b) Cohesion is the force of attraction between like mole- 
cules. 

(c) As an example of adhesion, we have the wetting of a 
piece of glass with water. As an example of cohesion, we 
have the "holding together" of the molecules of the water 
itself. 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 257 

What is heat? How is it produced? What are the 
principal sources of heat? 

Heat is molecular energy. It is produced by the motion 
of the molecules of a body. The principal sources of heat are 
the sun, combustion (oxidation), and other chemical change, 
electricity, friction, etc. 

What do you understand by water of crystallization? 

Water of crystallization is water which is necessary to the 
crystal form. 

Define crystallization. 

When a substance passing from the fluid to the solid state 
assumes definite geometric form, depending upon internal 
structure, it is said to' crystallize, or to have undergone crys- 
tallization. 

What is the difference between simple solution and 
chemical solution? 

A simple or physical solution is one in which the substance 
dissolved has undergone a chemical change. In a chemical 
solution the substance dissolves only after having undergone 
an alteration in composition. 

Acids, (i) Describe them briefly. 

O) What element is common to all known acids? 

(3) On account of the universal presence of this element 
they are chemically designated as salts. Salts of what? 
Illustrate the above by writing out two or three acids in 
the ordinary manner, the same acids as salts, and the 
chemical formula of each. 

(4) Describe quantivalence of acids. 

(5) Give an illustration of univalent, bivalent, and tri= 
valent acids, and prove it with their chemical formula. 

(1) An acid is a compound containing hydrogen, part of 
which, at least, may be replaced by a metal. Acids combine 
with bases to form salts ; they destroy many vegetable colors, 
and turn blue litmus to red. 
17 



258 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

(2) Hydrogen. 

(3) Salts of hydrogen. E. g., HC1, hydrochloric acid or 
hydrogen chloride; H 2 S0 4 , sulphuric acid or hydrogen sul- 
phate ; HN0 3 , nitric acid or hydrogen nitrate. 

(4) The quanti valence or basicity of an acid depends upon 
the number of atoms of replaceable hydrogen contained in 
the molecule. 

(5) Univalent or monobasic, nitric acid, HN0 3 , forming, 
by replacing the hydrogen with sodium, NaN0 3 , sodium ni- 
trate. Bivalent or dibasic, sulphuric acid, H 2 S0 4 , forming, 
by replacing the hydrogen with sodium, Na 2 S0 4 , sodium sul- 
phate. Trivalent or tribasic, phosphoric acid, H 3 P0 4 , form- 
ing, by replacing the hydrogen with sodium, Na 3 P0 4 , normal 
sodium phosphate. 

What percent of absolute acid in the dilute acids, U. S. 
P.? Are they uniform in strength? 

Dilute acetic acid contains not less than 5.7 nor more than 
6.3 per cent by weight. Dilute hydriodic, hydrobromic, hy- 
drochloric, hypophosphorous, phosphoric, sulphuric, are all 
not less than 9.5 nor more than 10.5 per cent by weight. 
Dilute hydrocyanic is not less than 1.9 nor more than 2.1 per 
cent by weight. 

THE NON-METALS. 

(i) What is oxygen? 

(2) What function does it perform in combustion? 

(3) State what you know regarding the liberation of 
oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants. 

(4) Explain oxidization. 

(5) Explain deoxidization. 

(1) Oxygen is a gas, colorless, odorless and tasteless; one 
of the most abundant of the elements. Symbol, 0. Atomic 
weight, 16. 

(2) It is a supporter of combustion — combustion being, 
essentially, a process of rapid oxidation. 

(3) Carbon dioxide is taken in by the plant and under the 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 259 

influence of the chlorophyl and sunlight combines with water ; 
carbohydrates are formed and oxygen is given off. There is, 
also, a second "respiration" taking place, in which, under 
proper conditions, oxygen may be absorbed and carbon 
dioxide given out. 

(4) Oxidation is the union of a substance with oxygen; 
e. g., Cu -f = CuO. 

(5) Deoxidation, or reduction, consists in the taking away 
of oxygen from a compound ; e. g., CuO -4- H 2 = Cu -f- H 2 0. 

OXYGEN. 
Give the official pharmacopoeia! title for oxygen. 

Oxygenium. 

What is its purity rubric? 

Not less than 95 per cent by volume of oxygen. 
How is it usually stored and dispensed? 

It is compressed in metal cylinders of varying capacity. 

(i) What is nitrogen? 

(2) How does it occur in nature? 

(3) How may it be obtained for experimental purposes? 

(4) What are its properties? 

(5) What is its mission in nature? 

(6) What are nitrogenous or " proteid " compounds? 

(7) Give the chemical formula for nitrogen monoxide. 

(8) Nitrogen dioxide. 

(9) Nitric acid. 

(10) What is aqua regia? 

(1) Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas, a little 
lighter than air, incombustible, and a non-supporter of com- 
bustion. It forms about four-fifths of the atmosphere. Sym- 
bol, N. Atomic weight, 14.01. 

(2) It occurs in the free state in the atmosphere, in com- 
bination in some mineral compounds, and in many animal 
and vegetable compounds. 



260 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

(3) By heating ammonium nitrite, NH 4 N0 2 = N 2 -f 
2H 2 0, or by burning phosphorus under a bell- jar. The burn- 
ing of phosphorus unites with the oxygen of the air present, 
leaving the nitrogen. 

(4) See under (1). 

(5) A dilutant for the active element oxygen in the atmos- 
phere, and as an essential element of the animal and vege- 
table tissues. 

(6) Complex compounds of nitrogen with carbon, hydro- 
gen, oxygen, and sulphur, and sometimes phosphorus, found 
in all animal and vegetable organisms. 

(7) N 2 0. 

(8) N 2 2 . 

(9) HNO,. 

(10) Aqua regia is an acid mixture of oxides of nitrogen 
with chlorine, made by bringing together strong nitric and 
hydrochloric acids. 

LAUGHING GAS. 

(i) State its official Latin name. 

(2) What is its chemical formula and molecular weight? 

(3) Describe it. 

(4) How is it generally handled? 

(5) For what is it used in medicine and dentistry? 

(1) Nitrogenii Monoxidum. 

(2) N 2 0. 44.02. 

(3) A colorless gas possessing a slight characteristic odor 
and a sweet taste. It supports the combustion of many sub- 
stances. 

(4) Compressed in metal cylinders. 

(5) To produce short anaesthesia. 

Acidum Nitro=hydrochloricum: (a) Give official method 
of preparation, (b) Why is it called " aqua regia "? (c) 
State its composition. 

(a) Mix together 180 Mils, of nitric acid and 820 Mils, of 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 261 

hydrochloric acid. When effervescence has ceased, pour the 
products into amber-colored, glass-stoppered bottles. 

(b) It is called "aqua regia" because of its solvent action 
on gold, one of the "regal" metals. 

(c) A solution in water of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, 
nitrosylchloride, and chlorine. 

Name the Halogen elements. 

Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. 

Halogens: (i) An important group of four elements, 
bromine, chlorine, iodine and fluorine, are called halogens; 
state why. 

(2) (a) What is chlorine derived from? (b) Give its 
chemical symbol and atomic weight. 

(3) (a) What is bromine derived from? (b) Give its 
chemical symbol and atomic weight. 

(4) (a) What is iodine derived from? (b) Give its 
chemical symbol and atomic weight. 

(5) Give the names of some of the salts derived from 
bromine and iodine. 

(1) The name "halogen" means "salt-producer," and has 
been given to these elements because of the saline character 
of many of their compounds. 

(2) (a) From sodium chloride, (b) Symbol, CI; atomic 
weight, 35.46. 

(3) (a) From sodium bromide and from magnesium bro- 
mide, (b) Symbol, Br; atomic weight, 79.92. 

(4) (a) From sodium and magnesium iodides, as found in 
certain varieties of seaweed, (b) Symbol, I; atomic weight, 
126.92. 

(5) Sodium and potassium bromides, sodium hypobromite, 
sodium and potassium and ammonium iodides. 

Give the preparation and properties of CI, Br, and I. 

The same general method of preparation may be used in 
each case — the chloride, bromide, or iodide of sodium, or of 



262 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

magnesium being decomposed by treatment with manganese 
dioxide and sulphuric acid. 

Chlorine is a yellowish-green gas with suffocating odor, 
soluble in water, forming "chlorine water." An oxidizing 
and bleaching agent. 

Bromine is a dark reddish-brown volatile liquid giving off 
pungent, irritating fumes. It is slightly soluble in water, 
more soluble in alcohol and in ether. 

Iodine is a bluish-black, crystalline solid, volatile, giving 
off violet-colored fumes when heated. Only slightly soluble 
in pure water, more soluble in water containing potassium 
iodide, soluble in alcohol and in chloroform. 

Chlorine: Give symbol, atomic weight, valence, source, 
how prepared, giving two methods of preparation with 
equations, physical properties and tests for identity. 

Symbol, CI. Atomic weight, 35.46. Valence, I. Source, 
sodium chloride. 

Prepared by the action of sulphuric acid and manganese 
dioxide on sodium chloride and by action of hydrochloric 
acid on bleaching powder. 

2NaCl + Mn0 2 + 2H 2 S0 4 = Na 2 S0 4 + MnS0 4 + Cl 2 -f 
2H 2 0. 

Ca(OCl)Cl + 2HC1 = CaCl 2 -4- Cl 2 + H 2 0. 

Physical properties : A greenish-yellow gas with suffocat- 
ing odor, heavier than air, soluble in water. 

Tests for identity: It may be recognized by its odor, by 
its bleaching action on moist litmus paper, by the solvent 
action of its aqueous solution on gold-leaf, and by the pre- 
cipitate obtained with silver nitrate. 

Muriate of Ammonia: (i) Give its official Latin name 
and chemical formula; also the common name by which it 
is generally known. 

(?.) What is its present commercial source? 

(3) What impurity is generally found in the commercial 
variety, and by what test would you discover its pres- 
ence in a solution of the suspected salt? 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 263 

(4) How may muriate of ammonia thus contaminated 
be purified? 

(5) What effect has heat on muriate of ammonia, and 
what takes place when it is triturated with calcium 
hydrate? 

(1) Ammonii chloridum. NH 4 C1. Sal ammoniac. 

(2) From the " amnioniacal liquor" obtained by the wash- 
ing of the gas, during the preparation of illuminating gas 
from coal. 

(3) If prepared in iron retorts, sal ammoniac is frequently 
contaminated with iron. Twenty Mils, of the aqueous solu- 
tion (1-20) should not at once assume a blue color on the 
addition of five drops of potassium ferrocyanide T. S. (limit 
of iron). 

(4) By mixing the salt with calcium phosphate (5%) and 
resubliming. 

(5) Heat volatilizes or sublimes sal ammoniac. Trituration 
with calcium hydrate decomposes it, setting free ammonia. 

Bromine: Give symbol, atomic weight, source, how pre- 
pared, physical properties, official preparations, and tests 
for identity. 

Symbol, Br. Atomic weight, 79.92. Source, bromides of 
sodium and magnesium associated with sea salt. 

Prepared by the action of sulphuric acid and manganese 
dioxide on sodium or magnesium bromide. 

2NaBr + Mn0 2 + 2H 2 S0 4 = Na 2 S0 4 + MnS0 4 + Br 2 -4- 
2H 2 

Bromine is a dark reddish-brown liquid, about three times 
as heavy as water. It is volatile at ordinary temperatures, 
giving off irritating fumes. Slightly soluble in water, it is 
soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform. 

Official preparations are : Bromine itself, and the bromides 
of ammonium, calcium, lithium, potassium, sodium, stron- 
tium, and zinc. 

Tests for identity: The characteristic odor, the bleaching 



264 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

of litmus, the yellow color obtained with starch solution, and, 
for the bromides, the characteristic precipitate with silver 
nitrate solution. 

How may colorless tinctures of iodine be made? 

By adding ammonium hydroxide to the ordinary tincture, 
thereby converting the iodine into ammonium iodide. 

What substances decompose iodides? 

Chlorine, bromine, certain oxides of nitrogen, ozone, etc. 

Acid Boracic: Chemical formula, source, how prepared, 
official preparations. 

Formula, H 3 B0 3 . Source: Found native in old volcanic 
regions, and also as sodium borate. Prepared by the action 
of hydrochloric acid on a hot solution of borax (sodium 
borate). Official preparations are the acid itself, acidum 
boricum, and the ointment, unguentum acidi borici. 

Phosphorus: (i) What is it, and from what is it made? 

(2) Describe it, and state how it should be preserved. 

(3) How many oxides and acids of phosphorus are 
known? Give their names and the chemical formula of 
the oxides. 

(4) Which of the acids is official? Give the chemical 
formula, (a) Describe glacial phosphoric acid and give 
its chemical formula. 

(5) What three preparations of phosphorus are official, 
and what is the strength of each? 

(1) Anon-metal. Symbol, P. Atomic weight, 31.04. Made 
from tricalcic phosphate, as found in bone ash. 

(2) A translucent, nearly colorless solid of waxy appear- 
ance and consistency, giving off fumes in the air, these fumes 
being luminous in the dark. It oxidizes on exposure to the 
air, and must be preserved under water and protected from 
light. Practically insoluble in water, soluble in carbon di- 
sulphide and oils. 

(3) There are two common oxides* P 2 O s , phosphorus tri- 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 265 

oxide, and P 2 5 , phosphorus pentoxide. Derived from the 
trioxide we have phosphorous acid, H 3 P0 3 ; derived from the 
pentoxide we have phosphoric acid, H 3 P0 4 , pyrophosphoric 
acid, H 4 P 2 7 , and metaphosphoric acid, HP0 3 . Hypophos- 
phorous acid has the formula, H 3 P0 2 . 

(4) The official acids are the hypophosphorous acid and 
the phosphoric acid, the former, H 3 P0 2 , the latter, H 3 P0 4 . 
(a) Glacial phosphoric acid is the metaphosphoric acid HP0 3 , 
a whitish, pasty mass which dissolves in water and is grad- 
ually converted back to the ortho-phosphoric acid, H 3 P0 4 . 

(5) The ninth revision has but one phosphorus prepara- 
tion, pills of phosphorus, containing, each, 0.6 milligrams 
(7*00 gr.)- 

Sulphur: (i) What is sulphur, and from what is it ob= 
tained? Give its symbol and atomic weight. 

(2) In what forms is it found in the markets? 

(3) Give the Latin names for the official varieties of 
sulphur. 

(4) Mention some of the impurities liable to be present 
in the official varieties; also mention some of the sol- 
vents of sulphur. 

(5) (a) Why is water of ammonia used in the prepara= 
tson of one of the official forms of sulphur? (b) Into 
what pharmaceutical preparation does this particular kind 
of sulphur enter as one of its component parts. 

(1) Sulphur is one of the non-metals. Symbol, S. Atomic 
weight, 32.07. It is obtained from the native sulphur found 
in the free state in nature, and from the sulphide of iron. 

(2) In yellow, brittle masses, known as roll sulphur, or as 
a fine, yellow powder, known as flowers of sulphur. 

(3) Sulphur lotum, sulphur precipitatum, sulphur subLi- 
matum. 

(4) Sulphur letum may contain earthy and metallic im- 
purities, arsenic, oxides of sulphur (acids), and ammonia. 
Sulphur precipitatum is tested especially for arsenic, lime 



266 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 



salts and acids. Sulphur sublimatum is tested for earthy 
and metallic impurities, arsenic, and acids. 

Sulphur is soluble in carbon disulphide, in oil of turpen- 
tine, and in many other oils, in ether and in chloroform. 

(5) (a) To remove sulphurous oxide, (b) Pulvis glycyr- 
rhizae ccmpositus. 

Hydrogen Sulphide: Give chemical formula, molecular 
weight, how prepared; show reaction by equation, phys= 
ical properties. 

Formula, H 2 S. Molecular weight, 33.83. 

Prepared by the action of an acid on ferrous sulphide, as 
shown by the equation, FeS + 2HC1 = H 2 S + FeCl 2 . 

Physical properties : A coorless gas with peculiar charac- 
teristic odor, slightly heavier than air, soluble in water, burns 
with a blue flame. 

Give the preparation of carbon disulphide, and some 
of its properties. 

It is made by passing the vapor of sulphur over red-hot 
charcoal. It is a volatile, colorless or pale-yellow liquid, with 
peculiar disagreeable odor. It is inflammable, and the vapor 
mixed with air is explosive. Heavier than water, insoluble 
in water, mixes with alcohol and ether. Used as a solvent 
for sulphur, phosphorus, rubber, fats and oils. 

What is CO? How can it be made? 

CO is carbon monoxide, a colorless, tasteless, inflammable 
gas, made by burning carbon with an insufficient supply of 
air, or by passing carbon dioxide over red-hot coals. 

State changes air undergoes during respiration? 

The air consists essentially of a mixture of oxygen and 
nitrogen, with small quantities of water and carbon dioxide. 
Taken into the lungs, it loses part of' its oxygen and receives 
from the blood an increase in carbon dioxide and water. 
The nitrogen remains practically unchanged. 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 267 

How is hydrocyanic acid formed? 

It may be made by decomposing the metallic cyanides with 
hydrochloric or sulphuric acid. 

Give method of preparation of hydrogen. Why is the 
flame of hydrogen colorless? 

Hydrogen may be prepared by the action of zinc on sul 
phuric acid, by the action of metallic sodium on water, and 
by the electrolytic decomposition of water. Ordinary flame 
is luminous from presence of unconsumed and incandescent 
carbon particles; these are absent in the burning of hydro- 
gen; the factors of the combustion, hydrogen and oxygen, 
and the product, water-vapor, are all colorless. 

What is the chemical composition of water, and how 
could you prove it? 

By volume, hydrogen two parts, oxygen one part. By 
weight, hydrogen one part, oxygen eight parts. This can be 
proved by passing a current of electricity through a vessel 
of water slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid; the water 
is decomposed and the two gases set free in the proportion 
named above. If the two gases be mixed and exploded by 
an electric spark, they recombine and water is again formed. 

What is the composition of water and of air? Are 
they chemical compounds or mixtures? 

For the composition of water, see preceding answer. Air 
(the atmosphere) contains, approximately, by volume, oxygen 
21 parts, nitrogen 79 parts; or by weight, oxygen 23 parts, 
nitrogen 77 parts (together with small amounts of carbon 
dioxide, water, etc.). 

"Water is a chemical compound. Air is a mixture. 

(i) Give symbol, valence, and atomic weight of nitrogen. 

(2) State properties of nitrogen, and how does it occur 
in combination? 

(3) Give method of its preparation by chemical equation, 

(1) Symbol, N. Valence, III and V. Atomic weight, 
14.01. 



268 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 



(2) It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas, a little lighter 
than air, incombustible, and a non-supporter of combustion. 
It occurs in combination in some mineral compounds, as in 
nitrates and nitrites, and in many animal and vegetable com- 
pounds in the form of proteids. 

(3) NH 4 N0 2 = N 2 + 2H 2 0. 

What are nitrates? 

Salts of nitric acid. 

Name three official inorganic acids. Give specific grav= 
ity of each. 

Nitric acid ; specific gravity, 1.403. Hydrochloric acid ; 
specific gravity, 1.15. Sulphuric acid; specific gravity, 1.83. 

Give formula for sulphuric acid. How made. Give 
chemical formula for two sulphates in your opinion the 
most important. Give properties and uses. 

Sulphuric acid, with the formula H 2 S0 4 , is made by roast- 
ing iron pyrites, or by burning sulphur, to form sulphur di- 
oxide. This then is oxidized to sulphur trioxide by mixing 
with nitric acid fumes, and, finally, the sulphur trioxide is 
united with water to form sulphuric acid. 

Two important sulphates are magnesium sulphate, MgS0 4 . 
7H 2 0, and copper sulphate, CuS0 4 .5H 2 0. (Other sulphates 
of importance are those of sodium, iron, calcium, aluminum, 
etc.) 

Magnesium sulphate, or Epsom salts, forms in small, needle- 
like crystals, with cooling, saline and bitter taste. Easily 
soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol. Used chiefly for its 
purgative action. 

Copper sulphate, or blue vitriol, forms in large, trans- 
parent blue crystals, soluble in water, forming a greenish- 
blue solution with nauseous taste and acid reaction. It is 
used largely in the arts, in certain forms of electric batteries, 
and in medicine, as a caustic, astringent, and emetic. 

Sulphur Praecipitatum: (a) Name substances used in its 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 269 

manufacture, (b) What impurity is frequently present 
in large proportions? 

(a) Sublimed sulphur, lime, hydrochloric acid, and water. 

(b) Calcium thiosulphate. 

Give formula, solubility and dose for (a) ammonium 
chloride, (b) ammonium carbonate, (c) ammonium bro= 
mide. 

(a) Ammonium chloride, NH 4 C1. Soluble in 2.6 parts of 
water, in 100 parts of alcohol, and in 8 parts of glycerin at 
25° C. Average dose, 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). 

(b) Ammonium carbonate, NH 4 HC0 3 .NH 4 NH 2 C0 2 . Slowly 
soluble in about 4 parts of water. Alcohol dissolves the car- 
bamate and leaves the acid carbonate. Average dose, 0.3 
Gm. (5 grains). 

(c) Ammonium bromide, NH 4 Br. Soluble in 1.3 parts of 
water and in 12 parts of alcohol at 25° C. Average dose, 1 
Gm. (15 grains). 

Give the solubility of the following drugs in alcohol 
and in water: (i) ammonium chloride, (2) ammonium 
valerate, (3) ammonium bromide, (4) iodum, (5) ammonii 
carbonas, (6) potassium iodide, (7) potassium bromide, 
(8) boric acid, (9) borax. 

(1) Ammonium chloride, soluble in 2.6 parts of water and 
in 100 parts of alcohol at 25° C. 

(2) Ammonium valerate, very soluble in alcohol and in 
water at 25° C. 

(3) Ammonium bromide, soluble in 1.3 parts of water and 
in 12 parts of alcohol at 25° C. 

(4) Iodum, soluble in about 2950 parts of water and in 
12.5 parts of alcohol at 25° C. 

(5) Ammonii carbonas, soluble, slowly, in about 4 parts of 
water at 25° C. Alcohol dissolves the salt in part (dissolving 
the carbamate and leaving undissolved the acid carbonate). 

(6) Potassium iodide, soluble in 0.7 parts of water and in 
22 parts of alcohol at 25° C. 



270 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 



(7) Potassium bromide, soluble in about 1.5 parts of water 
and in about 250 parts of alcohol at 25° C. 

(8) Boric acid, soluble in 18 parts of water and in 18 parts 
of alcohol at 25° C. ; in 4 parts of boiling water and in 6 
parts of boiling alcohol. 

(9) Borax, soluble in 15 parts of water and in 0.6 parts 
of boiling water ; insoluble in alcohol. 

LIQUOR HYDROGENII DIOXIDI. 
What was its Latin official title in the U. S. P. VIII? 

Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi. 
What is its chemical formula? 

H 2 2 . 

What percentage by weight of hydrogen dioxide does it 
contain? 

Three per cent. 

What common preservative does it frequently contain 
and what is the percentage limit allowable? 

Acetanilid, 0.04%. 

State the pharmaceutical method of assaying this prep- 
aration. 

Dilute 2 Gm. of solution of hydrogen dioxide with 20 Mils, 
of distilled water, then acidulate it with 20 Mils, of dilute 
sulphuric acid and titrate with tenth-normal potassium per- 
manganate V. S. The percentage of H 2 2 is then calculated. 

METALS. 
What are the alkali metals, and their properties? 

The alkali metals are lithium, sodium, potassium (rubidium, 
caesium). They are soft, silvery-white metals with a strong 
affinity for oxygen. They decompose water, forming oxides 
and hydroxides of alkaline nature. They are typical metals, 
strongly electro-positive, all monads, and occur in nature only 
in combination with other elements. 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 271 

(i) What is lithium? 

(2) Give its source? 

(3) By what test is it identified? 

(4) Name the official lithium salts. 

(5) Give their medicinal properties and dose. 

(1) Lithium is a metal belonging to the alkali group. 

(2) It occurs in nature in certain mineral waters and in 
the form of silicate in the mineral lepidolite. 

(3) It may be identified by the carmine-red color obtained 
on heating in a non-luminous flame. 

(4) The official lithium salts are: Bromide, carbonate and 
citrate. 

(5) Bromide, 1 Gm. (15 grains), sedative. Carbonate, 0.5 
Gin. (8 grains), used as diuretic, antilithic, etc. Citrate, S 
Gm. (iy 2 grains), used for same indications as carbonate. 

What is the chemical nature of table salt? 

It is the chloride of sodium, NaCl. 
What is soda ash? 

A mixture of sodium carbonate and calcium sulphide ob- 
tained as an intermediate product in the making of sodium 
carbonate. 

What substances are found in baking-powder? 

Baking-powder contains sodium bicarbonate mixed with 
potassium hydrogen tartrate, sodium acid phosphate, or alu- 
minum sulphate. 

Seidlitz Powders: (a) State composition of blue and 
white powders, (b) What chemical is formed by the 
combination of the two? 

(a) The blue paper contains Rochelle salt, 2 drs., and 
sodium bicarbonate, 40 grs. ; the white paper contains tar- 
taric acid, 35 grs. • 

(b) Carbon dioxide. 



272 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

(i) What is potassium? 

(2) What is potassa? 

(3) What is potassium hydroxide? 

(4) What is the percentage strength of the official 
solution of potassium hydroxide? 

(1) Potassium is a metal of the alkali group. 

(2) Potassa is the old name (Pharm. 1890) for potassium 
hydroxide. 

(3) Potassium hydroxide is the potassii hydroxidum, U. S. 
P.. with the formula KOH. 

(4) Six per cent. 

What is the formula for potassium bromide? for salt= 
peter? 

Potassium bromide, KBr. Saltpeter, KN0 3 . 

Magnesium: (1) What is it? Describe it as usually 
found in the markets and give its symbol. 

(2) What official product is formed when it is burned 
in contact with air? 

(3) What two varieties of this magnesium compound 
are official, and under what official names do they appear 
and from what are they made? 

(4) What is the character of magnesium light and what 
is it used for? 

(5) What is milk of magnesia and how is it prepared? 

(1) Magnesium is a metal, classed usually with the metals 
of the "alkaline earths." Symbol, Mg. Found on the mar- 
ket either in powder or in form of gray ribbon. 

(2) Magnesii oxidum. 

(3) Magnesium oxide and heavy magnesium oxide. Mag- 
nesii oxidum and magnesii oxidum ponderosum. They are 
both made by calcining the basic carbonate of magnesium, 
which has two forms, light and heavy. Calcining the light 
variety gives magnesii oxidum ; calciuiug the heavy gives 
magnesii oxidum ponderosum. 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 273 

(4) The magnesium light is made by burning magnesium; 
it is a brilliant white light, used in photography. 

(5) Milk of magnesia is water containing magnesium hy- 
droxide in suspension. It is made by adding a solution of 
sodium hydroxide to a mixture of magnesium carbonate and 
water. 

What is MgS0 4 . 7 H 2 0? How made? What used for? 

Magnesium sulphate or Epsom salts. Made by the action 
of sulphuric acid on magnesium carbonate. It is used as a 
cathartic and, in fevers, as a refrigerant. Used also as an 
antidote for lead-poisoning. 

(a) What are Magnesia Usta Levis, and Magnesia Usta 
Ponderosa? (b) When these are hydrated and suspended 
in water, what is the pharmaceutical name of liquid? 

(a) Light and Heavy Magnesia, (b) Magma Magnesiae. 

Calcium: Give symbol and atomic weight. 

Calcium: Symbol, Ca. Atomic weight, 40.07. 

Calx: (i) How does the U. S. Pharmacopoeia direct that 
it shall be made? 

(2) What are marble and oyster shells, chemically 
speaking? 

(3) What effect does prolonged heat have upon these 
substances? 

(4) How is lime directed to be kept, and why? 

(5) What official preparation is made from lime? 

(1) It is "prepared by calcining white marble, or the 
purest varieties of native calcium carbonate." 

(2) Calcium carbonate. 

(3) Carbon dioxide is driven off, calcium oxide remaining. 

(4) It must be kept in well-closed vessels, in a dry place, 
because it otherwise would absorb carbon dioxide and water 
from the air. 

(5) Liquor calcis. 
18 



274 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

Liquor Calcis: (i) Give the English official name and 
synonym. 

(2) How is it directed to be made? 

(3) Why are the first 400 C.c. rejected? 

(4) Why is the undissolved lime poured into the re= 
tainer with the solution? 

(5) What are its medicinal properties and uses? 

(1) Lime water or solution of calcium hydroxide. 

(2) Slake the lime (50 grammes) by the gradual addition 
of 1000 Mils, of distilled water and agitate occasionally dur- 
ing half an hour. Allow the suspended particles to subside, 
decant the supernatant liquid and reject it. Transfer the 
magma of calcium hydroxide to a filter and wash it repeat- 
edly with boiling distilled water, until the washings, after 
acidulation with nitric acid, show not more than a faint 
cloudiness with silver nitrate test solution. Return the 
magma to a suitable container, add 5000 Mils, of distilled 
water, agitate it thoroughly, allow the mixture to stand for 
24 hours, agitate again, and, when the coarser particles of 
solid matter have subsided, pour the liquid, holding the un- 
dissolved calcium hydroxide in suspension, into a tightly - 
stoppered bottle. From time to time shake the bottle to in- 
sure a saturated solution. Pour off the clear liquid when re- 
quired for use. 

(3) The first washing is for the purpose of removing chlor- 
ides and other soluble impurities. 

(4) In order that the solution may be kept saturated. 

(5) It is used as an antacid, tonic, and astringent; e. g., 
in dyspepsia, uric acid conditions, etc., and also externally in 
ulcers, burns, etc. 

(1) Show by equation what reaction occurs in making 
liquor calcis, U. S. P. 

(2) Why should this preparation not be made from 
compressed tablets? 

(3) What is the cause of the deposit or scum on the 
surface of this preparation? 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 275 

(4) How would you remove the deposit formed on the 
sides of a container in which lime water has been dis- 
pensed for a long time? 

(5) How much calcium hydroxide should be present in 
the preparation? 

(1) CaO + H 2 = Ca(OH) 2 . 

(2) Because the lime must be fresh, and intimately mixed 
with the water. 

(3) The formation of a layer of calcium carbonate. 

(4) By cleansing with hydrochloric acid. 

(5) Not less than 0.14 per cent at 25° C. 

Calx Chlorinata: (1) How is it made? 

(2) Describe it. 

(3) How is it directed to be preserved or kept? 

(4) Why should care be exercised in keeping it? 

(5) What percentage of available chlorine should it 
contain? 

(1) Calx chlorinata is made by the action of chlorine upon 
calcium hydroxide. 

(2) It is a white or grayish- white granular powder, ex- 
haling the odor of hypochlorous acid, having a repulsive 
saline taste, and becoming moist and gradually decomposing 
on exposure to air. 

(3) In well-closed vessels, in a cool and dry place. 

(4) Because on exposure it gradually decomposes, losing 
chlorine gas. 

(5) It should contain not less than 3 per cent of available 
chlorine. 

What is plaster of Paris? What is gypsum? How do 
they differ? 

Plaster of Paris is calcium sulphate, CaS0 4 . 

Gypsum is the native crystalline calcium sulphate, CaS0 4 .- 
2H 2 0. 

These two substances differ in the fact that plaster of Paris 
is made by driving off the water from gypsum by means of 
heat. 



276 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

What is whiting? 

Whiting is practically the same as prepared chalk, being 
made by the pulverization and elutriation of crude chalk. 
Chemically it is calcium carbonate. 

What is the solubility in alcohol and in water of cal- 
cium hypophosphite? 

It is insoluble in alcohol, soluble in 6.5 parts of water at 
25° C, and in 6 parts of boiling water. 

State the Latin official names of the following: (a) Ar= 
senic Antidote, (b) Iron Perchloride, (c) Quevennes Iron, 
(d) Dermatol, (e) Glauber's Salt. 

(a) Ferri Hydroxidum cum Magnesii Oxido. (b) Ferri 
Chloridum. (c) Ferrum Eeductum. (d) Bismuthi Subgal- 
las. (e) Sodii Sulphas. 

Iron: Name the two classes of compounds of iron. Give 
formula for the two chlorides, for ferrous sulphide, for 
ferrous sulphate. 

The two classes of compounds of iron are the ferrous and 
the ferric. 

Ferrous chloride, FeCL. Ferric chloride, Fe 2 Cl 6 , or FeCl s . 
Ferrous sulphide, FeS. Ferrous sulphate, FeS0 4 . 

Give directions for preparing ferric hydrate. 

Ferric hydrate may be made by adding ammonia to a solu- 
tion of a ferric salt. 

Syrupus Ferri Iodide: (a) How much ferrous iodide 
must it contain? (b) Should it be kept in a dark or a 
light place? Explain. 

(a) It should contain not less than 4.75% nor more than 
5.25% by weight of Fel 2 . 

(b) It should be kept in the dark, the action of light favor- 
ing oxidation to ferric iodide. (A decomposed solution will 
clear, and improve in appearance, when exposed to direct sun- 
light, but the percentage of ferrous iodide is lessened.) 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 277 

Basham's Mixture: (a) Give official name, (b) What 
precautions are necessary in making to assure a stable 
product? 

(a) Liquor ferri et ammonii acetatis. 

(b) The solution should be freshly made, and care must 
be taken that a neutral, not alkaline, solution of ammonium 
acetate be used. 

What is the chemical formula for alum? 

The U. S. P. formula is A1K(S0J 2 + 12H 2 or A1NH 4 - 
(SOJ 2 + 12H 2 0. 

What is Alumen Ustum? 

Exsiccated alum, prepared by heating alum in a porcelain 
dish on a sand bath and driving off all of its water of crys- 
tallization. 

(i) What is zinc? 

(2) How is zinc oxide made? 

(3) How is zinc oleate made? 

(4) Describe zinc phosphide. 

(5) How is it made? 

(6) Give its therapeutic properties, and dose. 

(7) Describe zinc phosphate. 

(8) How is it made? 

(9) Give therapeutic properties, and dose. 

(1) Zinc is a metal; symbol, Zn; atomic weight, 65.37. 

(2) Zinc oxide is made by burning zinc in the air, or by 
calcining the precipitated basic carbonate. 

(3) Zinc acetate dissolved in water is added to a solution 
of sodium oleate. Filter through muslin and wash the pre- 
cipitate thoroughly. 

(4) Zinc phosphide occurs as a gritty powder of a dark 
gray color, or in crystalline fragments of a dark metallic 
lustre, and has a faint odor and taste of phosphorus. 

(5) Made by passing vapor of phosphorus in a current of 
dry hydrogen over fused zinc. 



278 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

(6) Used for the same purposes as is phosphorus — as a 
nutritive stimulant to the nervous system. The usual com- 
mencing dose is 0.003 Gm. { 1 / 20 grain). 

(7) Zinc phosphate is a white powder, insoluble in water, 
but soluble in acids. 

(8) Zinc phosphate is made by the reaction between zinc 
sulphate and an alkaline phosphate. 

(9) It has been recommended especially in nervous dis- 
eases, insanity, epilepsy, etc. Dose, 0.033 to 0.25 6m. (y 2 to 
4 grains). 

How would you prepare zinc sulphate? Give the chem= 
ical formula for zinc chloride. 

Zinc sulphate is prepared by the interaction of diluted sul- 
phuric acid and metallic zinc. 

The chemical formula for zinc chloride is ZnCl 2 . 

Lead: (i) What is lead? 

(2) Give its chemical symbol. 

(3) What is litharge? 

(4) Give its chemical formula. 

(5) What is sugar of lead? 

(6) Give its chemical formula. 

(7) What important official preparation is made with 
the above two lead compounds? 

(8) What is red lead? 

(9) Give its chemical formula. 

(10) How is it obtained? 

(1) Lead is a soft, bluish- white metal with low melting- 
point. 

(2) Symbol, Pb. 

(3) Litharge is one of the oxides of lead. 

(4) Formula = PbO. 

(5) Sugar of lead is the acetate of lead. 

(6) Formula Pb(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 .3H 2 0. 

(7) Liquor plumbi subacetatis. 

(8) Red lead is an oxide of lead. 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 279 

(9) Formula = Pb 3 4 . 

(10) Obtained by continued gentle heating of litharge in 
the air. 

What is black lead? 

Graphite or carbon. 

Why is solution of subacetate of lead always milky in 
appearance? 

Because of its tendency to absorb carbon dioxide from 
the air. 

What is the solubility of lead acetate in water and in 
alcohol? 

Soluble in 1.4 parts of water and in 38 parts of alcohol 
at 25° C. 

Bismuth: (a) How does it occur in nature, and how is 
the metal obtained? 

(b) What is quantivalence? 

(c) Name the official salts and give formula of one. 

(d) Is the official salt with nitric acid neutral, alkaline 
or acid to litmus paper? 

(e) How may the two principal salts of bismuth be dis= 
tinguished from each other? 

(a) Bismuth occurs in nature in the free state and also 
as the sulphide. The metal is obtained from the sulphide by 
first roasting, until it has become converted into the oxide, 
and then reducing the oxide with carbon. 

(b) Quantivalence = III. 

(c) Bismuth betanaphthol, bismuth and ammonium citrate, 
bismuth subcarbonate, subgallate, subnitrate and subsalicy- 
late. The formula for the bismuth subnitrate is commonly 
written BiON0 3 .H 2 0. 

(d) Faintly acid to moist litmus paper. 

(e) Bismuth subcarbonate may be readily distinguished 
from the subnitrate by the addition of hydrochloric acid — the 
subcarbonate dissolving with effervescence. 



280 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

Give symbol and atomic weight for antimony. 

Symbol = Sb. Atomic weight = 120.2. 

Give S3 mbol and atomic weight for gold. 

Symbol = Au. Atomic weight = 197.2. 

Give formula for chloride of gold. 
AuCl s . 

Give solubility of gold and sodium chloride in alcohol 
and in water. 

The compound is very soluble in water, and at least half 
of it should be soluble in cold alcohol. 

Give chemical formula for nitrate of silver and for the 
oxide. 

Silver nitrate = AgN0 3 . Silver oxide =■ Ag 2 0. 

Why is a solution of silver nitrate milky when made 
with ordinary water? What kind of water should be 
used? 

The solution becomes milky because of precipitation of the 
silver by the salts in the water, generally because of forma- 
tion of silver chloride. 

Distilled water should be used for the solution. 

Give the preparation, properties, and formulae of both 
oxides of copper. 

Cuprous oxide, Cu 2 0, is a red powder, obtained by the 
action of a reducing agent on an alkaline solution of a 
cupric salt. 

Cupric oxide, CuO, is a black powder, obtained by heating" 
metallic copper in the air. 

What is (a) blue vitriol, (b) green vitriol, (c) white 
vitriol, (d) oil of vitriol? 

(a) Copper sulphate. (b) Ferrous sulphate. (c) Zinc 
sulphate, (d) Sulphuric acid. 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 281 

Hydrargyrum: State (a) chemical symbol, (b) atomic 
weight, (c) specific gravity. 

(a) Symbol = Hg. (b) Atomic weight = 200.6. (e) Spe- 
cific gravity == 13.535 at 25° C. 

Mercury: (i) Give the unabbreviated official name, 
specific gravity, and symbol of mercury, and state from 
what localities or countries it is obtained. 

(2) In what form does it usually exist in nature, and by 
what process is the metal obtained from it? 

(3) What two series of salts are formed with mercury? 
(a) To what series does corrosive sublimate belong? (b) 
Give chemical formula and dose of corrosive sublimate. 

(4) To which series does calomel belong? (a) Give the 
chemical formula for calomel and dose, (b) Give the 
chemical test for ascertaining the presence of corrosive 
sublimate in calomel. 

(5) Name the official preparations containing metallic 
mercury, and the percentage of mercury in each. 

(1) Hydrargyrum. Specific gravity = 13.535 at 25° C. 
Symbol = Hg. It is found in Spain, California, Mexico, 
Peru, Japan, and China. 

(2) It is found in nature as the sulphide, cinnabar, the 
metal, being obtained by mixing the ore with iron (this com- 
bining with the sulphur) and the mercury being then dis- 
tilled over. 

(3) Mercurous compounds and mercuric compounds, (a) 
Corrosive sublimate belongs to the mercuric compounds, (b) 
Formula, HgCl 2 ; dose, 0.003 Gm. (V 20 grain). 

(4) Calomel is a mercurous compound (a) with the formula 
Hg 2 Cl 2 or HgCl. Dose, as a laxative, 0.15 Gm. (2y 2 grains) ; 
as alterative, 0.015 Gm. (14 grain), (b) If two grammes be 
shaken with 20 Mils, of ether, filtered, and the filtrate evap- 
orated, and 10 Mils, of distilled water added, not more than 
a slight opalescence should result upon the addition of silver 
nitrate, T. S., to 5 Mils, of the filtrate, and no change of color 



282 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

should be produced upon adding a few drops of ammonium 
sulphide, T. S., to the remainder. 

(5) Hydrargyrum cum creta, 37 to 39 per cent; massa 
hydrargyri, 33 per cent ; unguentum hydrargyri, 50 per cent, 
and unguentum hydrargyri dilutum, about 30 per cent. 

Mercury: (i) Describe this metal. 

(2) Where is it found in greatest abundance, and in 
what form? 

(3) If a globule of commercial mercury is allowed to 
roll over a clean white surface it leaves a streak or track; 
what is this track familiarly called, and what is it due to? 

(4) How is mercury purified? (b) Give its chemical 
symbol, (c) Its specific gravity, (d) The temperature at 
which it solidifies and boils or vaporizes, (e) Give its 
official Latin name and synonym. 

(5) State what pharmaceutical products are made from 
mercury. 

(1) Mercury is a bright, silver-white metal, liquid at ordi- 
nary temperature, odorless and tasteless. 

(2) It is found as the sulphide, the mineral cinnabar, in 
Spain, California, Mexico, Peru, Japan and China. 

(3) The metal is said to "drag a tail"; the mark is due 
to impurities — lead, etc. 

(4) It may be purified by careful distillation, or by shak- 
ing with dilute sulphuric acid to which a few drops of a solu- 
tion of potassium dichromate are added from time to time. 
The contaminating metals are thereby oxidized and dissolved. 

(b) Symbol, Hg. 

(c) Specific gravity, 13.535. 

(d) It solidifies at 39.38° C. (38.88° F.). It volatilizes 
slowly at ordinary temperature, but boils and volatilizes 
rapidly at 357.25° C. 

(e) Hydrargyrum or quicksilver. 

(5) Hydrargyrum cum creta, massa hydrargyri, unguen- 
tum hydrargyri, and unguentum hydrargyri dilutum. 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 283 

Give the (a) chemical and (b) physical points of differ- 
ence between calomel and corrosive sublimate. 

(a) Calomel is a mercurous salt with, formula Hg 2 Cl 2 or 
HgCl, while corrosive sublimate is a mercuric salt with for- 
mula HgCl 2 . Calomel turns black on addition of ammonium 
hydroxide, while corrosive sublimate is apparently unchanged. 

(b) Calomel is insoluble in water, alcohol, or ether, while 
corrosive sublimate is soluble. 

How is calomel made? 

By subliming a mixture of mercuric chloride and mercury, 
or by adding sodium chloride to a solution of mercurous 
nitrate. 

What is formed when a soluble chloride is added to a 
solution of mercurous nitrate? 

Calomel, or mercurous chloride, known sometimes as "pre- 
cipitated calomel." 

Salts of Mercury: (i) Give the official Latin and Amer« 
ican names and synonyms of mercurous chloride and mer- 
curic chloride. 

(2) Give the chemical formula and molecular weight of 
each. 

(3) Describe both chemicals and give their solubility in 
alcohol, ether and water. 

(4) State what effect lime water would have on each 
of them. 

(5) What effect does ammonium chloride have upon 
mercuric chloride? 

(1) Mercurous chloride = hydrargyri chloridum mite, or 
mild mercurous chloride, or calomel. 

(2) Mercuric chloride = hydrargyri chloridum corrosivum, 
or corrosive mercuric chloride, or corrosive sublimate. 

(b) Mercurous chloride, Hg 2 Cl 2 — 472.12, or HgCl = 
236.06. Mercuric chloride, HgCl 2 == 271.52. 

(3) Calomel is a white, impalpable powder, odorless, taste- 



284 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

less, and permanent in air. It is insoluble in alcohol, ether or 
water. Corrosive sublimate is a white, crystalline substance, 
odorless, but with an acrid, persistent, metallic taste; per- 
manent in the air. It is soluble in 13 parts of water and 
3 parts of alcohol, at 25° C; soluble in 2 parts of boiling 
water and in 1.2 parts of boiling alcohol. It is soluble in 
about 4 parts of ether. 

(4) With calomel, lime-water forms "black wash," a prep- 
aration containing mercurous oxide. "With corrosive subli- 
mate, lime-water forms "yellow wash," a preparation con- 
taining mercuric oxide. 

(5) None chemically, though in presence of ammonium 
chloride the solubility of mercuric chloride is increased. 
Solutions of mercuric chloride with ammonium chloride (or 
with sodium chloride) are less liable to decomposition than 
solutions of mercuric chloride alone. 

Mercurial Salts: (i) State briefly the chemical and 
physical difference between hydrargyri oxidum flavum and 
hydrargyri oxidum rubrum of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. 

(2) State why the yellow oxide is the better for making 
ointments for the eye and other delicate surfaces. 

(3) Give the chemical formula and atomic weight of 
both products. 

(4) An ointment of both oxides is official, give the per- 
centage of strength of each. 

(5) Give the adult dose of both for internal use. 

(1) Hydrargyri oxidum flavum is an orange-yellow, amor- 
phous, heavy, impalpable powder. Hydrargyri oxidum ru- 
brum is a heavy, orange-red, crystalline powder. There is 
no chemical difference between the two. 

(2) Because of its finer subdivision. 

(3) HgO, with molecular weight of 216.60. 

(4) Ten per cent in each. 

(5) Not used internally. 

Mercurial Products: (1) State briefly the chemicaJ and 






CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 285 

physical difference between hydrargyri iodidum flavum 
and hydrargyri iodidum rubrum. 

(2) Give the chemical formula and molecular weight of 
each. 

(3) What are the medicinal properties of each? 

(4) In what form are they most frequently prescribed, 
and dispensed? 

(5) Give the usual adult dose of each? 

( 1 ) Hydrargyri iodidum flavum is the mercurous iodide. It 
is a bright yellow, amorphous powder, odorless and tasteless ; 
insoluble in alcohol or ether, almost insoluble in water. Hy- 
drargyri iodidum rubrum is the mercuric iodide. It is a scar- 
let-red, amorphous powder, odorless and tasteless; soluble in 
116 parts of alcohol and in 85 parts of ether, almost insoluble 
in water. 

(2) Hydrargyri iodidum flavum, Hg 2 I 2 ; molecular weight, 
327.52. Hydrargyri iodidum rubrum, Hgl 2 , with the molec- 
ular weight of 454.44. 

(3) The yellow iodide is used chiefly as an antisyphilitic, 
emmenagogue, and alterative ; the red iodide, in addition also, 
as a germicide and antiseptic. 

(4) In tablet form. 

(5) The yellow iodide is used in an average dose of 0.01 
Gm. (y 6 grain). The red iodide is used in an average dose 
of 0.003 Gm. (V20 grain). 

Hydrargyri Salicylas: State (a) its official synonym, 
(b) definition, (c) solubility in water and alcohol, (d) 
therapeutic properties, (e) average dose. 

(a) Mercuric subsalicylate. 

(b) A compound of mercury and salicylic acid containing 
not less than 54 per cent nor more than 59.5 per cent of Hg. 

(c) Nearly insoluble in both water and alcohol. 

(d) Anti-rheumatic, alterative. 

(e) 0.004 Gm. (Vis grain). 



286 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

ANALYTICAL. 

State difference between qualitative and quantitative 
analysis. 

Qualitative analysis seeks to discover what substances are 
present in a given compound or mixture. Quantitative anal- 
ysis seeks the quantity of each substance present. 

(i) What metals are precipitated by ammonium hy= 
drate? 

(2) Which of these redissolve by an excess? 

(3) The salts of what metal form a deep blue solution 
with ammonium hydrate? 

(4) What sulphides are yellow? 

(5) What sulphides are black? 

(1) Magnesium (partially), aluminum, chromium, iron, 
manganese, zinc, nickel, cobalt, antimony, mercury, bismuth, 
copper, cadmium, tin, gold, lead, and silver. 

(2) Zinc, nickel, cobalt, copper, cadmium, tin (slightly), 
and silver. 

(3) Copper. 

(4) Arsenic and cadmium. 

(5) Iron, nickel, cobalt, mercury, bismuth, copper, gold, 
lead, and silver. 

Give chemical tests for detecting in solution the fo!= 
lowing official salts: (a) silver nitrate, (b) lead acetate, 
(c) ammonium chloride, (d) ferric chloride, (e) corrosive 
sublimate. 

(a) Hydrochloric acid or any soluble chloride yields a 
curdy-white precipitate of silver chloride, soluble in ammo- 
nium hydroxide, insoluble in nitric acid. The nitrate radical 
can be demonstrated by adding strong sulphuric acid and 
floating over the mixture a solution of ferrous sulphate. A 
brown ring develops at the contact of the two liquids. 

(b) Hydrochloric acid precipitates lead chloride, soluble in 
hot water. Hj^drogen sulphide precipitates lead sulphide, in- 
soluble in alkalies and alkaline sulphides, but soluble in hot 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 287 

nitric acid. To demonstrate the acetic acid radical, add strong 
sulphuric acid and warm — note the odor of acetic acid. 

(c) Silver nitrate gives a white precipitate, soluble in am- 
monium hydroxide, insoluble in nitric acid. The ammonium 
radical may be demonstrated by warming with sodium hy- 
droxide, when fumes of ammonia will be given off. 

(d) The iron may be demonstrated by precipitation with 
ammonium hydroxide, dissolving the precipitate in hydro- 
chloric acid and testing with potassium sulphocyanate, which, 
with iron, gives a red color. The chloride radical may be 
demonstrated with silver nitrate; see (c). 

(e) Ammonium hydroxide gives a white precipitate, sod- 
ium hydroxide gives a yellow precipitate, and hydrogen sul- 
phide a black precipitate. 

Give a chemical test of identity for each of the follow* 
ing: (a) mercuric salt, (b) mercurous salt. 

(a) Mercuric salts turn white, or if in solution, give a 
white precipitate on addition of ammonium hydroxide. Ad- 
dition of hydrochloric acid gives no precipitate. 

(b) Mercurous salts turn black on addition of ammonium 
hydroxide, and give a white precipitate on addition of hy- 
drochloric acid. 

How would you precipitate all the lead from a solution 
of lead? 

By passing through the solution hydrogen sulphide gas 
until no further precipitation could be obtained. 

How would you prove the presence of mercury in a 
solution? 

By the modified Reinsch test: Acidify with hydrochloric 
acid, introduce a strip of pure, bright, clean, copper foil. 
The mercury is deposited upon the copper as a grayish coat- 
ing, which by gentle rubbing assumes a silvery appearance. 

How would you determine the presence of arsenic in a 
solution? 

Acidify with hydrochloric acid and pass hydrogen sul- 



288 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

phide gas through the solution. A precipitate of yellow J 
sulphide of arsenic is formed, insoluble in hot hydrochloric | 
acid, soluble in alkalies and in alkaline sulphides. 

Or apply the Reinsch test : Acidify with hydrochloric acid, 
introduce a strip of clean, bright copper foil and boil. The 
arsenic is deposited upon the copper as a gray coating. Dry 
carefully and heat in a small glass tube. The arsenic is vola- 
tilized and deposited upon the cooler portion of the tube in 
the form of the crystalline oxide. 

Describe the Marsh test? 

The Marsh test for arsenic is made as follows : Zinc, water, 
and sulphuric acid are brought together in a flask and the 
solution to be tested is added. In the presence of arsenic, 
arsenetted hydrogen, AsH 3 , is formed, and this, after drying 
by passing through a tube containing calcium chloride, is 
tested as follows: (a) On ignition, it burns with a bluish- 
white flame and gives off fumes of arsenious oxide, (b) By 
heating a tube through which it is passing, it is decomposed 
and metallic arsenic is deposited as a grayish-brown coating. 
(c) By holding in the flame a piece of cold porcelain, metallic 
arsenic is again deposited (differentiate from antimony by 
means of sodium hypochlorite, arsenic soluble, antimony in- 
soluble), (d) By passing the gas into a solution of silver 
nitrate, black metallic silver is precipitated. 

How would you show the absence in potassium iodide 
of (a) sulphate, (b) iron, (c) lead and copper, (d) sodium? 

(a) Test for sulphates by adding solution of barium 
chloride. 

(b) Add ammonium sulphide, a black precipitate or color- 
ation, soluble in cold, dilute hydrochloric acid, indicates iron. 

(c) Add ammonium sulphide, a black precipitate or brown- 
ish coloration, insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid, indi- 
cates lead. 

For copper add hydrogen sulphide test solution. A brown- 
ish coloration or brownish-black precipitate, insoluble in 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 289 

diluted hydrochloric acid, but soluble in solution of potas- 
sium cyanide, indicates copper. 

(d) Make flame test on platinum wire. Sodium = yellow. 

How would you detect the presence of salicylic acid in 
suspected fruit syrups and juices? 

Dissolve the syrup or juice in water and add a few drops 
of a neutral solution of ferric chloride — a violet coloration 
indicates the presence of salicylic acid. 

What is meant by " saponification value " of fat or oil? 

The saponification value of a fat or oil is the quantity of 
potassium hydroxide (expressed in milligrammes) consumed 
in saponifying 1 Gm. of the fat or oil. 

What is meant by " acid number " as applied to resins? 

The quantity of potassium hydroxide (expressed in milli- 
grammes) required to neutralize 1 Gm. of resinous substance. 

ORGANIC. 

What is organic chemistry? 

The chemistry of the hydrocarbons and of their derivatives. 
What is a hydrocarbon? Name one. 

A compound of carbon and hydrogen; e. g., Benzene, C G H 6 . 

What elements are generally found in organic struo 
tures? 

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes phos- 
phorus and sulphur. 

What is marsh gas? Where found in nature and how 
prepared in the laboratory? 

Marsh gas is known chemically as methane. It is the first 
hydrocarbon of the first or paraffin series, and has the formula 
CH 4 . It is found in nature in marshes (hence the name), 
in certain coal mines, and occasionally in large accumulations 
beneath the surface, forming what is known as natural gas. 
19 



290 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

It may be prepared in the laboratory by heating in a glass 
tube one part sodium acetate with four parts of soda lime. 

Of what series of hydrocarbons is chloroform? Show 
by chemical equation how it is found. Give its formula. 

Chloroform is a derivative of the first or paraffin series. 
Theoretically its formation may be represented as follows: 
CH 4 -f 3C1 2 = CHC1 3 -f 3HC1. Practically, its manufacture 
from chloral may be represented by CCl 3 COH -f- NaOH = 
OHC1 -f NaCOOH. Its formula is CHC1 3 . 

What is iodoform, and how is it made? 

Iodoform is the tri-iodo derivative from methane, and has. 
the formula CHI 3 . It is made by bringing together ethyl 
alcohol, iodine and potassium hydroxide or carbonate. 

How many kinds of alcohol are official? Give the 
strength of each. 

Three : Dehydrated, not less than 99 per cent by weight ; 
the regular alcohol, about 92.3 per cent by weight; and the 
diluted alcohol, from 41 to 42 per cent by weight. 

What are alcohols, chemically? (b) Give chemical 
name for grain alcohol, (c) How is it made? (d) Name 
a triatomic alcohol in common use. (e) From what is 
this obtained? 

(a) Alcohols are compounds of hydroxyl (OH) with hy- 
drocarbon radicals, (b) Ethyl alcohol, (c) By fermenta- 
tion of glucose, (d) Glycerin, (e) From fat, by decompo- 
sition. 

Define saponification. 

The decomposition of fat by heating with an alkali, soap 
and glycerin being produced. 

Alcohol: (a) Give chemical name, (b) State its specific 
gravity. 

(a) Ethyl alcohol, (b) Specific gravity, 0.816 at 15.6° C. 
(60° F.), the standard temperature for alcohol. 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 291 

How are the following made — a brief outline only re- 
quired — (a) acetanilide, (b) oxalic acid, (c) chloral hy= 
drate, (d) iodoform, (e) nitric acid? 

(a) Acetanilide is made by prolonged boiling of aniline 
with acetic acid. 

(b) Oxalic acid may be made from sugar by oxidation with 
nitric acid. 

(c) Chloral hydrate is prepared by saturating strong alco- 
hol with chlorine gas, or by the action of chlorine gas on 
aldehyde. 

(d) Iodoform is made by bringing together ethyl alcohol, 
iodine, and potassium hydroxide or carbonate. 

(e) Nitric acid is made by the action of sulphuric acid 
on sodium nitrate. 

What is chloroform? How is it made? 

Chloroform is a chlorine derivative of methane, with the 
formula CHC1 3 . It is made by the action of bleaching pow- 
der (chlorine) on ethyl alcohol or on acetone, or by the 
action of an alkali on chloral. 

Write chemical formula for each of the following: (a) 
rochelle salts, (b) sal ammoniac, (c) salts tartar, (d) 
iodoform. 

(a) KNaC 4 H 4 6 . (b) NH 4 C1. (c) K 2 C0 3 . (d) CHI 3 . 

Camphor: (a) What is camphor? (b) Name two solid 
substances which when combined with camphor form 
solutions? 

(a) Camphor belongs to the class of stearoptens, has the 
formula C 10 H 16 O, and is obtained by distillation from the 
trunk, branches and leaves of the Cinnamomum camphora. 

(b) Menthol and chloral hydrate. 

Menthol: (i) What is menthol and from what is it ob- 
tained? 

(2) Give its chemical formula and how it should be 
preserved. 



292 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

(3) If menthol be triturated with about an equal quan- 
tity of camphor, thymol, chloral or beta=naphthol, what 
will be the result? 

(4) If menthol should be adulterated with paraffine, by 
what method would you detect its presence? 

(5) What are its medicinal properties and uses? 

(1) Menthol is a secondary alcohol obtained from oil of 
peppermint. 

(2) C 10 H 20 O. It should be preserved in well-stoppered 
bottles in a cool place. 

(3) A liquid is obtained. 

(4) Menthol is volatilized by warming; if paraffin be 
present a residue will remain. 

(5) It is used chiefly as a local anesthetic, pure or in solu- 
tion, in neuralgias, angina, tonsilitis, etc. 

Give formula for acetic acid. What three strengths are 
official? What is the source of acetic acid? What is 
pyroligneous acid? 

HC 2 H 3 2 or CH 3 COOH. 

36 per cent; the dilute, 6 per cent, and the "glacial" not 
less than 99 per cent. 

Acetic acid for commercial purposes is obtained by the 
distillation of wood. 

Pyroligneous acid is the impure distillate from wood, con- 
taining as chief ingredients acetic acid and methyl alcohol. 

What is the reaction of citric acid on a solution of bi= 
carbonate of soda? Give chemical formula of the product? 

Sodium citrate and carbon dioxide are formed. Sodium 
citrate has the formula, Na 3 C H 5 O 7 . 

Give formula for cream of tartar. How made? What 
used for? 

The formula for cream of tartar is KHC 4 H 4 6 . It is made 
from "argol," an impure form of the salt, deposited during 
the fermentation of grape juice. It is used as a cathartic, 
diuretic, and aperient. 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 293 

How is sweet spirits of nitre prepared and how should 
it be preserved? 

It is prepared by adding slowly a solution of sodium 
nitrite to a mixture, which must be kept cold, of sulphuric 
acid, alcohol and water. 

It must be kept in small, well-stoppered, amber-colored 
bottles in a cool, dark place. 

Starch: (a) Give process by which starch may be ob= 
tained. (b) How is starch converted into glucose? 

(a) The starchy material (grain, potato, etc.) is rubbed 
up and steeped with water; sugar and gluten dissolve, while 
the starch settles to the bottom of the vessel. The water is 
then decanted and the starch dried. 

(b) By boiling with dilute sulphuric acid. C 6 H 10 O 5 -j- 
H 2 = C 6 H 12 6 . Or, by the action of ferments. 

Carbolic Acid: (i) Give its chemical formula and molec= 
ular weight. 

(2) What is it made from? 

(3) Is it a true acid? 

(4) What percentage of water is necessary to perma= 
nently liquify the crystallized acid? 

(5) What effect does carbolic acid have on glycerin? 
(a) On coUodium? (b) On an alcoholic solution of ferric 
chloride? 

(1) C 6 H 5 OH; molecular weight — 94.05. 

(2) Coal tar. 

(3) No. 

(4) It is soluble in 15 parts of water at 25° G.j it is liqui- 
fied by the addition of about 8 per cent of water. 

(5) It mixes with it, forming a clear liquid, (a) It coag- 
ulates collodium. (b) It gives a brownish coloration. In 
absence of alcohol a violet-blue color is obtained. 

Creosote: (1) What is creosote chemically? 
(2) From what is it derived? 



294 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

(3) Describe it, and give its medicinal properties and 
uses. 

(4) What well known variety is esteemed the best? 

(5) Creosote is frequently adulterated with carbolic 
acid; how would you detect the presence of carbolic acid 
by the simple preliminary test of the solubility of the 
suspected creosote in water? (a) What effect does creo- 
sote have on glycerin? (b) On collodium? (c) On an 
alcoholic solution of ferric chloride? 

(1) A mixture of phenols and phenol derivatives, chiefly 
guaiacol and creosol. 

(2) By distillation from wood-tar. 

(3) A yellowish, highly refractive, oily liquid, with smoky 
odor and a burning caustic taste. Soluble in about 150 parts 
of water, and in all proportions in alcohol and ether. Used 
as an antitubercular remedy, as an antiseptic, antipyretic, 
anthelmintic. Dose, 0.25 Mil. (4 minims). 

(4) That from beechwood. 

(5) With 120 parts of hot water it forms a clear liquid 
which, on cooling, becomes turbid from separation of minute 
oily drops (distinction from and absence of phenol), (a) 
With an equal volume it forms a clear liquid from which the 
creosote separates on addition of one-fourth volume of water, 
(b) There is no permanent coagulum, as with phenol, (c) It 
gives a transient greenish-brown coloration. 

Phenolphthalein: (1) What is phenolphthalein chem- 
ically? 

(2) Give its solubility in water and alcohol. 

(3) What is its chemical name? 

(4) State its average metric and apothecaries doses. 

(1) A dibasic phenol derivative (C 20 H 14 O 4 ). 

(2) Almost insoluble in water; soluble in 13 parts of 
alcohol. 

(3) Dihydroxyphthalophenone. 
(4)' 0.15 Gm. 2y 2 grains. 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 295 

(i) Describe benzoic acid? 

(2) What relation does oil of bitter almonds bear to 
benzoic acid? 

(3) What relation of benzoic acid to benzene? 

(4) Give the formula for both. 

(5) From what is benzoic acid naturally obtained? 

(1) "White or yellowish- white, lustrous scales or friable 
needles, nearly odorless, or having a slight odor resembling 
that of benzoin, and an acid, pungent taste. 

(2) Oil of bitter almonds contains benzaldehyde, the alde- 
hyde of benzoic acid. 

(3) Benzoic acid is derived theoretically from the second 
hydrocarbon of the series of which benzene is the first. 

(4) C 6 H 5 COOH — benzoic acid. C 6 H 6 = benzene. 

(5) From benzoin by sublimation. 

Acid Benzoic: Source, how prepared, official prepara- 
tions? 

It is obtained from benzoin, by sublimation, or artifically 
from toluol. The acid itself is official; also the salts, the 
benzoates of ammonium, lithium, and sodium. 

Acid Salicylic: Give exact chemical name and siruc= 
tural formula. What are its natural sources, how is it 
prepared? Name the official salts and esters, and give 
tests for identity. 

Salicylic acid is sometimes known as oxybenzoie acid. The 
formula is C 6 H 4 OH.COOH. It is found in nature in the 
natural salicylates, such as oil of wintergreen and sweet birch. 

It is prepared commercially by the interaction of sodium 
carbolate and carbonic anhydride. 

Official salicylates and esters are as follows: Ammonium, 
eserine, lithium, methyl, phenyl, quinine, sodium, and stron- 
tium. 

Tests for identity are as follows: The saturated aqueous 
solution is acid to litmus paper and is colored intensely bluish- 
violet by ferric chloride T. S. On adding to a small portion 



296 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

of salicylic acid in a test-tube about 1 Mil. of concentrated 
sulphuric acid, then cautiously about 1 ]\Iil. of methyl alcohol 
in drops, and heating the mixture to boiling, methyl salicylate 
Avill be produced, and may be recognized by its odor, 
(i) Give Latin name of salicylic acid. 

(2) From what is it commercially prepared? 

(3) From which official volatile oils may it be prepared? 

(4) Name the two official esters of salicylic acid. 

(5) In what proportion is it soluble in water? 

(6) In alcohol? 

(7) In what dose is it usually given? 

(8) What are its medicinal uses? 

(1) Acidum salicylieum. 

(2) From phenol. 

(3) From oleum betulae and oleum gaultheriae. 

(4) Methylis salicylas and phenylis salicylas. 

(5) Soluble in 460 parts of water at 25° C. 

(6) Soluble in 2.7 parts of alcohol at 25° C. 

(7) Average dose, 0.75 Gm. (12 grains). 

(8) Antiseptic, antirheumatic, antipyretic, antineuralgic. 

Acetanilide: Write the structural formula for acetanilide 
and state to what class of compounds it belongs. 

Formula, C 6 H 5 NH(CH 3 CO). Acetanilide belongs to the 
class of anilides — substitution products of aniline. 

(1) Give Latin official name of acetanilide. 

(2) Describe it briefly. 

(3) What is it chemically? 

(4) What is its solubility in water and what in alcohol? 

(5) What is pulvis acetanilidi compositus? 

(1) Acetanilidum. 

(2) Colorless, shining, micaceous, crystalline, laminae, or 
a crystalline powder; odorless, having a slightly burning 
taste, and permanent in the air. 

(3) An acetic acid derivative of anilin; one of the class 
of anilides. 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 297 

(4) Soluble in 179 parts of water and in 2.5 parts of alco- 
hol at 25° C. 

(5) A powder containing 70 grammes of acetanilide with 
10 of caffeine and 20 of sodium bicarbonate. 

Give chemical formula for acetanilide. 

C 8 H 9 NO. 

Acidum Tannicum: (a) State its source, (b) State its 
solubility in water, in alcohol, and in glycerin. 

(a) It is obtained from nut-gall. 

(b) Soluble in about 0.34 part of water and in 0.23 part 
alcohol, at 25° C. Soluble in about one part of glycerin 
with gentle warming. 

Extractum Nucis .Vomicae: (a) State assay standard, 
(b) State physical form. 

(a) It should contain not less than 15.2% nor more than 
16.8% of nux vomica alkaloids. 

(b) In the form of a powder with magnesium oxide and 
starch. 

Give per cent of opium in each of the following: (a) 
laudanum, (b) paregoric, (c) wine of opium, (d) deodor= 
ized tincture of opium. 

(a) Ten per cent, (b) Four-tenths of one per cent, (c) 
Ten per cent, (d) Ten per cent. 

What are the essential alkaloids of opium? 

Morphine and codeine. 

Dover's Powder: (a) Give official title, (b) Give per- 
centage of each of its constituents, (c) State average 
dose. 

(a) Pulvis ipecacuanhae et opii. 

(b) Ten per cent each of ipecac and powdered opium, with 
80 per cent sugar of milk. 

(c) 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 



298 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

How is apomorphine prepared? 

By heating morphine in a closed tube for several hours 
with a large excess of hydrochloric acid. 

Give a test to show the difference between sulphate of 
quinine and sulphate of morphine. 

Sulphate of quinine gives a bluish fluorescence when dis- 
solved in water. Sulphate of morphine gives an intense red 
coloration when moistened with nitric acid. 

Pepsinum: (a) State standard of strength, (b) How 
does it behave on exposure to air? 

(a) It should be capable of digesting not less than 3,000 
times its own weight of freshly coagulated and disintegrated 
egg albumin. 

(b) It should be not more than slightly hygroscopic. 

State the principal solid ingredients of urine. 

Urea, uric acid in the form of urates, and chlorides, sul- 
phates and phosphates of sodium, potassium, calcium, and 
magnesium. 

How would you test urine for sugar? 

By Trommer's, Haines', or Fehling's solution. Trommer's 
test: To the urine add sodium hydrate to alkaline reaction 
and then copper sulphate solution until a slight permanent 
precipitate is formed. Boil the mixture, and in presence 
of glucose, cuprous hydroxide and oxide are precipitated. 
Haines' test: Heat 4 Mils, of Haines' solution to boiling and 
add about eight drops of urine. In presence of sugar a pre- 
cipitate of cuprous hydroxide and oxide is formed. Fehling's 
solution is diluted with water, heated to boiling, and the urine 
added, the reaction being the same as with Trommer's and 
Haines'. 

Give formula for Fehling's solution. 

(a) Dissolve 34.66 Gm. of pure crystalline cupric sulphate 
in water and make solution exactly to 500 Mils, (b) Dissolve 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 299 

173 Gm. of crystallized potassium and sodium tartrate and 
50 Gm. of sodium hydroxide in sufficient water to make ex- 
actly 500 Mils. For use, mix equal volumes of (a) and (b). 
One Mil. of the mixed solution is the equivalent of 0.005 
grammes of anhydrous glucose. 

Give the solubility of the following drugs in alcohol 
and water: (i) salicylic acid, (2) sodium salicylate, (3) 
stearic acid, (4) tartaric acid, (5) potassium bitartrate, 
(6) sodium benzoate, (7) acetanilide, (8) resorcin, (9) 
sodium phenolsulphonate, (10) zinc phenolsulphonate, (11) 
benzoic acid, (12) salol. 

(1) Salicylic acid, soluble in 460 parts of water, and in 
2.7 parts of alcohol at 25° C. 

(2) Sodium salicylate, soluble in 0.9 part of water, and in 
9.2 parts of alcohol at 25° C. 

(3) Stearic acid, insoluble in water, soluble in 21 parts of 
alcohol at 25° C. 

(4) Tartaric acid, soluble in 0.75 part of water, and in 3.3 
parts of alcohol at 25° C. 

(5) Potassium bitartrate, soluble in 155 parts of water at 
25° C. ; very sparingly soluble in alcohol. 

(6) Sodium benzoate, soluble in 1.8 parts of water and in 
61 parts of alcohol at 25° C. 

(7) Acetanilide, soluble in 190 parts of water, and in 3.4 
parts of alcohol at 25° C. 

(8) Resorcin, soluble in 0.9 part of water and in 0.9 part 
of alcohol at 25° C. 

(9) Sodium phenolsulphonate, soluble in 4.2 parts of water, 
and in about 140 parts of alcohol at 25° C. 

(10) Zinc phenolsulphonate, soluble in 1.6 parts of water, 
and in 1.8 parts of alcohol at 25° C. 

(11) Benzoic acid, soluble in 275 parts of water, and in 2.3 
parts of alcohol at 25° C. 

(12) Salol, soluble in 6670 parts of water, and in 6 parts 
of alcohol at 25° C. 



300 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

Give Latin official name for the following: (a) CHI a , 
(b) CHCI3, (c) C 2 H 5 OH, (d) C 6 H 5 OH, (e) C 3 H 5 (OH) 3 . 

(a) Iodoformum. (b) Clilorofonnum. (c) Alcohol, (d) 
Phenol, (e) Glycerinum. 

(1) What is understood by the terms dextrogyrate, 
laevogyrate? 

(2) To what organic, liquid substances are these terms 
frequently applied? 

( 1 ) A dextrograte substance is an organic liquid or organic 
substance in solution which, when examined in a polariscope, 
is capable of rotating the plane of polarization of a ray of 
light to the right. A laevogyrate substance rotates it to the 
left. 

(2) To volatile oils. 

(1) To which organic chemical group do terpenes be= 
long? 

(2) What are the chief characteristics of the terpenes? 

(3) Name some important official drugs containing ter» 
penes. 

(1) To the series of hydrocarbons having the general for- 
mula of C n H 2n -4. 

(2) They are isomers or polymers, having the formula 
(C 6 H 8 ) n . They are unsaturated hydrocarbons and have an 
antiseptic action. 

(3) Terebenum, terpini hydras, oleum terebinthinae, vale- 
rian, oil of thyme, petroselinum, humulus, etc. 

Criticize the following prescription: 

R Iodi grs. xxx 

Kali iodidi grr. xxx 

Argyrol grs. L 

Aquae dest q. s. ad. § vi 

M. 

A mixture of iodine, potassium iodide, argyrol and water 
results in the formation of silver iodide. The argyrol is com- 



CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 301 

pletely changed chemically, and so the prescription affords a 
clear case of chemical incompatibility. 

How may the presence of hydrofluoric acid in solution 
of hydrogen dioxide be detected? 

Evaporate 50 Mils, of the solution of H 2 2 , previously 
made alkaline by the addition of sodium hydroxide T. S. to 
dryness on a water-bath, and transfer the dry residue to a 
platinum crucible. Moisten the residue with H 2 S0 4 , and 
cover the crucible with a watch-glass, the convex side of which 
is coated with a thin layer of wax, which is afterwards 
scratched so as to expose the glass. Cool the watch-glass by 
placing water in the concave side and standing in this a 
small beaker which is kept filled with cold water. Then heat 
the crucible and contents on a water-bath for one hour; the 
surface of the watch-glass after being cleaned will show cor- 
rosion, if hydrofluoric acid is present. 

Ammonium Carbonate U. S. P.: (a) Name the two am- 
monium salts of which it is composed, (b) Which of these 
should be used for dispensing purposes? 

(a) Acid ammonium carbonate and ammonium carbamate. 

(b) Both for both exist in varying proportions in the chem- 
ical defined as Ammonium Carbonate U. S. P. 

Give a test for the determination of cocaine or its hy= 
drochloride. 

Heat the suspected sample with a few drops of concen- 
trated sulphuric acid containing 2% of hexamethylenamine. 
A wine-red coloration is produced, becoming more intense as 
the temperature rises. The color soon disappears and a 
brownish-gray sediment is left. 

What is the chemical difference between " Prussian 
Blue " and TurnbuH's Blue? 

Prussian Blue is ferric ferrocyanide, Fe 4 (FeCN 6 ) 3 , while 
TurnbuH's Blue is ferrous ferricyanide, Fe,Fe 2 CN 12 . 



302 CHEMISTRY, FORMULAE, ETC. 

(i) What are carbohydrates? 

(2) Into what three groups are they usually divided? 

(3) Give an example of each group. 

(1) Carbohydrates are organic substances containing car- 
bon, hydrogen and oxygen, the last two elements existing in 
the proportion to form water. 

(2) Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. 

(3) Dextrose. Maltose. Cellulose. 



BOTANY. 



What are the important respects in which Gymnosperms 
differ from Angiosperms? 

Gymnosperms bear naked ovules, while Angiosperms bear 
covered ones; in Gymnosperms each megaspore produces 
within itself a bulky prothallus, on the upper portion of which 
originate one or more archegonia, while in Angiosperms no 
recognizable prothallus has been proven to exist; the stored 
food tissue in Gymnosperm seeds is prothallial tissue loaded 
with starch, etc., while that in Angiosperm seeds (endosperm) 
is developed from the endosperm nucleus ; the mode of growth 
of the stems of Gymnosperms is indefinite, while in Angio- 
sperms it is either indefinite or definite. 

Define (a) rhizome, (b) root, (c) tuber, (d) corm, (e) 
seed, and give an official example of each. 

(a) A rhizome is a creeping perennial underground stem 
of horizontal, oblique or vertical growth, more or less scaly, 
sending off roots from its lower surface and stems or leaves 
from its upper, and bearing a terminal bud. Its upper sur- 
face is marked with the scars or bases of aerial stems of pre- 
vious years. Ex. — Aspidium. 

(b) The root is that part of the plant that grows into or 
toward the soil, that never develops leaves, rather rarely pro- 
duces buds, and whose growing apex is covered by a cap. 
Ex. — Belladonnae Eadix. 

(c) A tuber is a short and excessively thickened under- 
ground stem, borne usually at the end of a slender, creeping 
branch and having numerous eyes or buds. Ex. — Jalapa. 

(d) A corm is an excessively thickened and solid under- 

(303) 



304 BOTANY. 

ground stem which produces buds from the center of its 
upper surface and rootlets from its lower surface. Ex. — Col- 
chici Cormus. 

(e) A seed is a fertilized and matured ovule bearing within 
it an embryo or young plant. Ex. — Strophanthus. 

MUSHROOMS. 

(i) Name an edible mushroom and state the class of 
fungi to which it belongs. 

(2) Describe its life history. 

(3) In what particulars does it differ from a common 
poisonous type? 

(4) Name two poisonous mushrooms. 

(1) Agaricus campestris. Class — Basidiomycetes. 

(2) The basidiospores of "Agaricus campestris" germinate 
in the soil into hyphae which soon become interlaced, forming 
a white and thready mycelium. On this mycelium develops 
little ' ' buttons, ' ' at first about the size of a pin head, becom- 
ing later pea size, and then assuming a pear-shaped form. 
At this stage the sporophore (enlarged button) consists of a 
cylindrical solid stipe or stalk and a pileus or cap. The border 
of the pileus is joined to the stipe by means of a partial veil. 
Within this veil is found a circular cavity, into which the 
gills grow. At first the stipe grows faster than the rest of 
the fruiting body. The pileus expands transversely and the 
gills keep pace. After a while the veil ruptures, leaving a 
portion attached to the stipe. This constitutes the annulus 
or ring (true annulus). The hyphae in the pileus form the 
tela contexta. If a section is made through a gill, the hyphae 
are seen to run longitudinally. The central part is called the 
trama; next and outside the trama is the sub-hymenium; 
next, the hymenium, consisting of basidia. Each basidium 
bears one or two little points known as sterigmata. Each 
sterigma bears a purplish-brown basidiospore. The basidio- 
spores when mature fall to the ground and initiate a new life 
cycle. 



BOTANY. 305 

(3) Amanita muscaria, a common poisonous mushroom, 
differs from Agaricus campestris in the following particulars : 

Amanita muscaria. Agaricus campestris. 

Pileus — Yellow or orange-red. Pileus — W hite to drab- 
colored. 

Gills— White. Gills— In wild form, at first 

pink; in cultivated, fawn- 
colored, later turning 
brownish in wild form. 

Volva at base of stipe. No volva. 

Universal veil. Partial veil. 

Spores — White. Spores — Purplish-brown. 

(4) Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric). Amanita phalloides 
(Deadly Agaric). 

BLACK MOLD. 

(a) Give the life history of the common black mold, 
(b) State its occurrence in nature, (c) What effect does 
it have upon crude drugs and certain pharmaceutical prep= 
arations? 

(a) The spores of the black mold, "Mucor stolonifer," 
falling upon a suitable substratum such as moist bread, ger- 
minate to form thread-like filaments called hyphae, which 
secrete ferments changing the insoluble food material of the 
substratum into a soluble form, whence it is absorbed by 
osmosis. At the point where the spores reach the substratum 
they develop three kinds of hyphae, viz., submerged, aerial 
and stoloniferous forms. The submerged hyphae appear like 
branched rootlets and penetrate deeply into the substratum, 
secreting ferments and absorbing soluble nutriment. The 
aerial hyphae extend vertically upward, each producing a 
single spore-case (sporangium) at its tip. The stoloniferous 
hyphae extend in various directions over the surface of the 
substratum from their points of origin (at junction of aerial 
with submerged hyphae) and, "taking root" at various places, 
20 



306 BOTANY. 

form additional submerged and aerial hyphae. This process 
may go on indefinitely until all the nourishment in the sub- 
stratum is exhausted. Each sporangium (spore-case) de- 
velops within itself numerous spores, which, upon rupture of 
the spore-case wall, are thrown out and carried by air cur- 
rents to other substrata, there to begin anew another life 
cycle. 

Under certain conditions, another method of reproduction 
has been observed. The ends of certain hyphae of different 
strains grow toward each other and form a partition wall a 
short distance from their tips. The tips then fuse, the end 
portions in time separate from the rest of the hyphae, and the 
fused end segments to form a zygospore or resting spore, which 
under favorable conditions germinates into an aerial hypha 
bearing a sporangium at its summit. 

(b) It is found on moist bread, decaying fruits, manures, 
aqueous, hydro-alcoholic or acetic pharmaceutical extracts or 
other preparations affording it suitable nourishment, fleshy 
roots or rhizomes, especially if kept in damp places. 

(c) It produces deterioration, frequently rendering them 
worthless. 

GREEN AND YELLOW MOLDS. 

What are the so=ca!Ied " green and yellow molds," and 
how do they differ from black mold? 

In reality these are mildews belonging to the class of fungi 
known as Ascomycetes. The common green mold is Penicil- 
lium glaucum, and the yellow form, a species of Aspergillus. 
Both of these have segmented hyphae and produce chains of 
naked spores called conidia, while the black mold has unseg- 
mented hyphae and its spores are enclosed within the spore 
case. 

What is the difference between a saprophyte and a 
parasite? Give an example of each. 

A saprophyte is an organism living on decaying organic 



BOTANY. 307 

matter which, must be in a soluble form for its sustenance. 
Ex. — Molds on decaying fruit. 

A parasite is an organism obtaining its sustenance from 
another living organism known as a host. Ex. — Dodder on 
ferns or other plants. 

FERNS. 

Name two ferns which yield an official product. 

Dryopteris Filix-mas and Dryopteris marginalis. 

Describe the fife history of a fern, starting and conclud- 
ing with a spore. 

Upon coming in contact with damp earth the fern spore 
germinates, producing a green septate filament called a pro- 
tonema. This later becomes a green, heart-shaped body called 
a prothallus, which develops upon its under surface antheridia 
or male organs and archegonia or female organs, as well as 
numerous absorptive filaments called rhizoids. Within the 
antheridia are developed motile sperms, while ova (eggs) are 
produced within the archegonia. The many ciliate sperms 
escape from the antheridia of one prothallus during a wet 
season, and, moving through the water, are drawn by a 
ehemotactic influence to the archegonia of another prothallus, 
pass down the neck canals of these and fuse with the ova, 
fertilizing them. The fertilized egg or oospore divides and 
redivides and soon becomes differentiated into stem-bud, first 
leaf, root and foot. The foot obtains nourishment from the 
prothallus until the root grows into the soil, when it atrophies 
and the sporophyte becomes independent. Unequal growth 
and division of labor continue until a highly differentiated 
sporophyte results, the mature "fern plant." The main axis 
of a typical fern is a creeping underground stem or rhizome 
which at its various nodes bears rootlets below and fronds 
above. These fronds are highly developed, each being pro- 
vided with a petiole-like portion called the stipe, which is ex- 
tended into a Made or lamina usually showing a forked vena- 
tion. Some ferns possess blades which are lobed, each lobe 



303 BOTANY. 

being termed a pinna. If a pinna be further divided, its divi- 
sions are called pinnules. On the under surface of the lam- 
ina, pinnae or pinnules are developed small brown patches 
each of which is called a sorus. Each sorus consis+s of a 
number of sporangia (spore cases) developed from epidermal 
cells. (In some ferns an entire leaf or portion thereof be- 
comes a spore-bearing organ.) Within the sporangia spores 
are developed, which, when mature and upon the rupture of 
the sporangial walls, are hurled out. Each of these, if living, 
may initiate a new life cycle. 

YEASTS. 
What are yeasts and where found? 

Yeasts are fungi of a spheroidal, elliptical or ovoid form, 
characterized especially by their mode of cell-division, called 
budding or gemmation. 

Where are they found in nature? 

They occur in dilute saccharine solutions such as grape 
juice, etc., and their spores are frequently found in the air. 

Name two ferments produced by yeasts and state the 
function of each. 

An extracellular ferment called invertase which actt; upon 
saccharose changing it into dextrose and levulose, and an 
endocellular ferment known as zymase which converts both 
dextrose and levulose into alcohol and carbon dioxide. 

Define a ferment. 

A ferment or enzyme is a soluble organic compound of bio- 
logical origin, functioning as a thermolabile catalyst in solu- 
tion. 

What form of yeast is recognized by the National For« 
mulary? 

Compressed yeast. This consists of yeast cells held together 
by a thick paste of starch or some other inert substance and 
molded into blocks. 



BOTANY. 309 

CORN SMUT. 

Give its botanical origin and state the group of fungi 
to which it belongs. 

Ustilago Maydis. Basidiomyeetes. 

Describe its life history. 

Corn smut or Ustilago Maydis (Ustilago Zese) occurs in all 
regions where Indian corn or Mexican grass abounds. The 
spores (basidiospores) of the fungus are developed in the 
compost or manure used to fertilize the soil. Here they ger- 
minate into hyphae, which enter the host, forming a mycelium 
which extends throughout all parts of the corn plant. In 
time large tumor-like masses are produced on the flowers, 
stem and leaves. Each mass is filled with spores and covered 
with a tightly-appressed membrane which has a whitish ap- 
pearance like German silver. The spores are sub-spherical, 
echinulate, at first dark olive-green but on maturity are dark 
brown. They arise by the division of the septate mycelium 
into thick-walled resting spores (chlamydospores). They fall 
to the ground and pass the winter. In the spring each ger- 
minates into a three-or four-celled filament called a promyce- 
lium, from the cells of which basidiospores arise. 

LICHENS. 

(i) To what division of the vegetable kingdom do these 
plants belong? 

(2) Name three groups of lichens and state where they 
are found. 

(3) Which are of particular value in pharmacy and 
medicine, and why? 

(4) What are lichens? 

(1) ThaUophytes. 

(2) Foliaeeous, crustaceous and fruticose. They are found 
adhering to rocks, back of trees, logs, old fences, or even on 
the ground. 



310 BOTANY. 

(3) Species of Lecanora and Roccella tinctoria yield, upon 
fermentation, litmus, one of the best indicators in volumetric 
analysis. The same lichens, when treated with ammonia 
water, yield cudbear, a widely used coloring agent for phar- 
maceutical preparations. 

Cetraria Islandica has been employed in medicine because 
of its demulcent properties. 

(4) Lichens are variously colored, usually dry and leathery 
plants, consisting of symbioses of algae and fungi. 

Define (a) apothecium, (b) fecula, (c) sclerotium, (d) 
mycelium, (e) gamete. 

(a) Apothecium. A fruiting body of a lichen or other 
fungus which contains asci (sac-like spore cases). 

(b) Fecula. The starchy portion of the seed. 

(c) Sclerotium. A hard and compact mass of mycelium. 

(d) Mycelium. An entangled network of hyphae. 

(e) Gamete. A sexual cell. 

What kind of a plant is the Mistletoe? Where is it 
found? 

A parasite. It is found chiefly on the sour gum tree, but 
occurs also on other Rosaceae. 

What would you call the dodder? 

A parasitic higher plant. 

State what is meant by the following terms: (i) annual, 
(2) biennial, (3) perennial. 

The herb which terminates with the season or which springs 
from the seed, blossoms, ripens its fruit and dies completely 
all in the same season is called an annual; if, however, the 
stem dies, but the underground parts retain their vitality, 
and growth is continued another season, during which the 
seeds are perfected, and it then dies completely, it is called 
a biennial; and if, by underground parts, the life of the 
plant is continued indefinitely through a period of years, it is 
called a perennial. 



BOTANY. 311 

Define the following botanic terms: (a) endosperm, (b) 
lenticels, (c) radiate, (d) spadicious, (e) acrogenous. 

(a) Endosperm. The nourishing tissue within the seed 
which lies outside of the embryo. 

(b) Lenticels. These are fissures in the cork layer of stems 
which permit of the aeration of the delicate cells of the cortex 
beneath. 

(c) Radiate. A term applicable to the arrangement of 
various tissues or organs of plants which exhibit rays or parts 
diverging from a center. 

(d) Spadicious. Furnished with a spathe or bract. 

(e) Acrogenous. A plant which grows at apex only. 
Give the Latin titles of the following drugs: (a) Red 

Bearberry, (b) Bayberry Bark, (c) Bitter Root, (d) Ele- 
campane, (e) Yellow Puccoon, (f) Stone Root, (g) Hash- 
ish, (h) Consumptives' Weed, (i) Safflower, (j) Friar's 
Cap. 

(a) Berberis. (b) Myrica. (c) Gentiana. (d) Inula. 
(e) Hydrastis, (f) Collinsonia. (g) Cannabis, (h) Erio- 
dictyon. (i) Carthamus. (j) Aconitum. 

Define the following botanical terms: (a) carpel, (b) 
ovule, (c) gynoecium, (d) androecium, (e) choripetalous. 

(a) A modified leaf bearing ovules. 

(b) A rudimentary seed found within the ovarian portion 
of the carpel of an angiosperm or exposed upon the scale or 
branch of a gymnosperm. 

(c) The female sexual system of a flower. 

(d) The male sexual system of a flower. 

(e) A condition in a flower of disjoined petals. 

Give the botanical source of the following: (i) Flax 
Seed, (2) Henbane, (3) Arnica, (4) Quinine, (5) Euca- 
lyptus, (6) Thorn Apple, (7) Blue Cohosh, (8) May Apple, 
(9) Nutgall, (10) White Mustard. 

(1) Linum usitatissimum. 

(2) Hyoseyamus niger. 



312 BOTANY. 

(3) Arnica montaiia. 

(4) Cinchona calisaya, C. ledgeriana, C. succirubra, C. 
officinalis, and other species and hybrids of Cinchona. 

(.5) Eucalyptus globulus. 

(6) Datura stramonium and Datura tatula. 

(7) Caulophyllum thalictroides. 

(8) Podophyllum peltatum. 

(9) Quercus infectoria and other allied species of Quercus. 

(10) Sinapis alba. 

Describe three different kinds of stems. 
See rhizome, tuber, and conn, previously described. 
Name the chief parts of a plant. 
Root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seed. 
Define the following: (a) hybrid, (b) species, (c) albur- 
num, (d) duramen, (e) monoecious. 

(a) A hybrid is a cross breed between two varieties, species 
or genera. 

(b) A species is the smallest group of plants which agree 
in essential characters. 

(c) Alburnum or sap-wood is the living wood of plants 
which conveys the sap. 

(d) Duramen or heartwood is dead wood found in the cen- 
tral portion of stems within the sap-wood, usually hard in 
texture and infiltrated with extractive, coloring matter, etc. 

(e) Monoecious. A term referring to species whose indi- 
viduals bear both kinds of sexual organs on the same plant. 

Define (a) flower, (b) complete flower, (c) placenta, 
(d) pollination, (e) fertilization. 

(a) The flower is a shoot which has undergone a meta- 
morphosis so as to serve as a means for the propagation of 
the individual. 

(b) A complete flower possesses four whorls of floral organs 
arranged upon the torus or receptacle. 

(c) The placenta is the nutritive tissue connecting the 
ovules with the wall of the ovary. 



BOTANY. 313 

(d) Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to 
stigma and the consequent germination thereon. 

(e) Fertilization is the union of a male sexual element with 
a female sexual element. 

Describe the parts of a complete flower. 

A complete flower consists of four whorls of floral leaves 
arranged upon a torus. These, in order, from periphery to 
center are : calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. The 
calyx is usually green, but occasionally petaloid, and consists 
of parts called sepals. The corolla is usually of some other 
color than green, more delicate in texture than the calyx, and 
consists of parts called petals. The androecium is the male 
system of organs, and consists of parts called stamens. Each 
stamen consists ordinarily of a stalk or filament bearing an 
anther at its summit. The anther contains the pollen. The 
gynoecium is the central whorl of female organs, composed 
of one or more parts called carpels. Each carpel consists of 
a lower, usually globular, portion called the ovary, and an 
apical viscid portion, which receives the pollen, called the 
stigma. A style or connective is frequently present which 
unites the ovary with the stigma. Within the ovary are de- 
veloped the ovules or rudiments of seeds. 

Name the parts of an angiospermous ovule. 

A nucellus or body; two coats, the outer or secundine and 
the inner or primine; and a funiculus or stalk. Within the 
nucellus is found an embryo sac in which the ovum, synergids, 
antipodals and polar nuclei are developed. The coats do not 
completely envelop the nucellus, but an opening at the apex, 
called the foramen or micropyle, admits the pollen tube. The 
point where the coats are attached to each other and to the 
nucellus is called the chalaza. The hilum marks the place 
where the funiculus is joined to the ovule, and, if attached to 
the ovule through a part or all of its length, the adherent 
portion is called the raphe. 

Name the plants which yield the following drugs: (i) 



314 BOTANY. 

Balsam of Fir, (2) Bitter Apple, (3) Coltsfoot, (4) Black 
Snakeroot, (5) Pellitory. 

(1) Abies balsamea. (2) Citrullus colocynthis. (3) Tussi- 
lago farfara. (4) Cimicifuga racemosa. (5) Anacyclus 
pyrethrum. 

Define the following: (a) cross pollination, (b) self- 
pollination, (c) anemophilous, (d) entomophilous, (e) hy- 
bridization. 

(a) When the pollen grain is transferred from the anther 
of one flower to the stigma of another and germinates thereon. 

(b) When the pollen grain is transferred from the anther 
to the stigma of its own flower and germinates thereon. 

(c) A term applied to wind-pollinated plants. 

(d) A term applied to insect-pollinated plants. 

(e) The process of crossing two varieties, species or genera 
of plants. 

Name the histological elements found in woods. 

Wood parenchyme, medullary rays, wood fibers, tracheids, 
trachea?. 

What is the important difference between Gymno- 
spermous and Angiospermous wood? 

The presence of tracheids with striking bordered pores in 
the former. 

State the differences between a root and a stem. 

Root. Stem. 

1. Descending axis of plant. 1. Ascending axis of plant. 

2. Growing point sub-apical. 2. Growing point apical. 

3. Branches arranged irreg- 3. Branches arranged with 

ularly. mathematical regularity. 

4. Contains no chlorophyll. 4. Chlorophyll frequently 

present. 

5. Does not bear leaves or 5. Bears leaves and modifica- 

leaf rudiments. tions of leaves. 

6. Structure comparatively 6. Structure better defined. 

simple. 



BOTANY. 315 

Define (a) fruit, (b) locule, (c) peduncle, (d) involucre, 
(e) bracteole. 

(a) The ripened carpel or carpels and contents, often with 
other parts of the flower which persist and mature with it. 

(b) One of the cells or chambers of a fruit. 

(c) The flower stalk. 

(d) A whorl of bracts. 

(e) A small bract found on a pedicel. 
What is bark? Name its three regions. 

Bark is all that tissue found outside of the cambium line in 
woody exogenous plant axes. 

The three regions of a bark are outer bark or cork, middle 
bark or cortex, and inner bark or phloem. 

Define (a) exogen, (b) endogen, (c) sporophyte, (d) 
gametophyte, (e) thallophyte. 

(a) An exogen is a plant, such as a dicotyledon or gymno- 
sperm, which can increase materially in the thickness of its 
plant axis through the activity of a cambium. 

(b) An endogen is a plant, such as most monocotyledons, 
whose plant axis is devoid of a cambium, and so cannot in- 
crease materially in diameter. 

(c) A sporophyte is an asexual plant which produces 
spores. 

(d) A gametophyte is a sexual plant which bears gametes 
(sexual cells). 

(e) A thallophyte is a plant whose vegetative body con- 
sists of a thallus or organ undifferentiated into root, stem, or 
leaf. 

Define the following terms: (i) imparipinnate, (2) de= 
hiscent, (3) inflorescence, (4) herb, (5) rhachis. 

(1) A pinnately compound leaf ending with a single leaflet. 

(2) The act of splitting open, applied to anthers, sporangia 
and fruits which split open when mature to shed pollen grains, 
spores and seeds, respectively. 

(3) The arrangement of flowers on the plant. 



316 BOTANY. 

(4) A plant whose above-ground stem does not become per- 
manent, but dies down to the ground after flowering. 

(5) The axis of inflorescence, consisting of an elongation 
of the peduncle. 

Define (a) cell, (b) tissue, (c) organ, (d) organism, (e) 
protoplasm. 

(a) A cell is a nucleated mass of protoplasm. 

(b) A tissue is an aggregation of cells of similar source, 
structure and function in intimate union. 

(c) An organ is a part of an organism made up of several 
tissues and capable of performing some special work. 

(d) An organism is a living entity composed of different 
organs or parts with functions which are separate, but mutu- 
ally dependent, and essential to the life of the individual. 

(e) Protoplasm is the more or less semi-fluid, viscid, foamy, 
granular substance in which life resides. 

Describe a drupe. Name two official drupes. 

A one-carpelled fruit having a stony endocarp like that of 
the peach, cherry and apricot. Piper, Cubeba. 

Define (a) utricle, (b) follicle, (c) legume, (d) galbalus, 
(e) strobile. 

(a) A utricle is a dry, indehiscent fruit, such as Chenopo- 
dium fruit, whose pericarp is bladder-like, and so fits the 
seed loosely. 

(b) A follicle is a pod formed by a single carpel which de- 
hisces by a single suture — aconite pod. 

(c) A legume is a one-carpelled fruit dehiscent by both 
ventral and dorsal sutures. Ex. — Pea fruit. 

(d) A galbalus is a berry-like fruit, formed by the incom- 
plete coalescence of fleshy open scales. Ex. — The fruit of 
Juniper. 

(e) A strobile is a scaly multiple fruit consisting of a 
scale-bearing axis, each scale enclosing one or more seeds. 
Ex.— Hop. 



BOTANY. 317 

Define (a) pome, (b) berry, (c) cremocarp, (d) meri- 
carp, (e) capsule. 

(a) A pome is a fleshy, indehiscent fruit, such as the apple 
or quince, the chief bulk of which consists of the adherent 
ripened receptacle. 

(b) A berry is a fleshy, indehiscent fruit, like that of cap- 
sicum, with a thin membranous epicarp and a succulent in- 
terior in which the seeds are imbedded. 

(c) A cremocarp is the characteristic fruit of an umbel- 
liferous plant which consists of two inferior akenes separated 
from each other by a stalk called a carpophore. Ex. — Anisum. 

(d) A mericarp is one of the inferior akenes of a cremo- 
carp. 

(e) A capsule is a dry, dehiscent fruit of two or more 
united carpels. Ex. — Fruit of Stramonium. 

Mention the important characteristics of the Com- 
positae. 

Gamopetalous herbs, shrubs or rarely trees whose flowers 
are arranged in a head or capitulum on a common receptacle 
which is subtended by an involucre. Stamens 5, inserted on 
the corolla, their anthers syngenesious. Calyx-tube crowned 
by a pappus in the form of bristles, scales, teeth or awns. 
Corolla either ligulate or tubular. Fruit, an akene. Inulin 
is present in all plants of this family. 

Define (a) pericarp, (b) periderm, (c) phellogen, (d) 
phelloderm, (e) pericycle. 

(a) The pericarp is the fruit wall or seed vessel. It con- 
sists of three layers, viz., the epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. 

(b) Periderm is the cork zone of stems, or roots, or barks. 

(c) Phellogen is the cork cambium found beneath the cork. 

(d) Phelloderm is the tissue produced by the cork cam- 
bium on its inner face. 

(e) Pericycle or pericambium is the outermost layer or 
layers of stellar cells abutting on the endodermis. 



318 



BOTANY. 



Define (a) meristem, (b) xylem, (c) phloem, (d) collen- 
chyme, (e) sclerenchyme. 

(a) Undifferentiated tissue composed of cells in a rapid 
state of division. 

(b) That part of a fibro-vascular bundle that contains wood 
parenchyme and wood fibers. It may also contain tracheae, 
tracheids; seldom sieve tubes. 

(c) That part of a fibro-vascular bundle that contains sieve 
tubes, phloem parenchyme, companion cells, and often bast 
fibers. 

(d) Tissue composed of elongated prismatic cells whose 
angles are thickened with a colloidal substance. 

(e) Tissue composed of stone cells or sclerenchyme fibers, 
which elements are usually liquified. 

What is lignin? Mention a good test for determining 
its presence. 

Lignin is a substance which adheres to the various cell 
walls of certain plants and which makes them woody. 

Phloroglucin and hydrochloric acid (in equal portions) im- 
parts a cherry-red color to lignin. 

LEAVES. 
Draw the following types of leaves: (i) linear, (2) lan- 
ceolate, (3) oblong, (4) elliptical, (5) ovate, (6) cordate, 
(7) oblanceolate, (8) spatulate, (9) sagittate, (10) pal- 
mately-Iobed. 
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 





Elliptical. 



Ovate. 



BOTANY. 



319 





Cordate. Oblaneeolate. Spatulate. Sagittate. Palmate. 

Define the following terms referable to leaves: (a) ses- 
sile, (b) coriaceous, (c) pubescent, (d) tomentose, (e) de= 
ciduous. 

(a) When devoid of a leaf -stalk or petiole. 

(b) When leathery in texture. 

(c) When covered with short, soft hairs. 

(d) Densely pubescent and felt-like. 

(e) When unfolding in spring and folding in autumn. 

Define (a) bud, (b) bulb, (c) adventitious, (d) ligulate, 
(e) mucronate. 

(a) Bud. A rudimentary stem with rudimentary leaves 
compactly arranged upon it. 

(b) Bulb. A short, erect, underground stem covered with 
fleshy scales, which constitutes its principal bulk. 

(c) Adventitious. A term applied to structures which ap- 
pear in abnormal positions on the plant. 

(d) Ligulate. Strap-shaped. 

(e) Mucronate. Applied to leaves or leaflets which ter- 
minate with a short soft point. 

What is a foment? Give an example. 

A loment is an indehiscent legume which breaks up trans- 
versely into segments upon the decay of its wall. 



320 BOTANY. 

Define the following botanic terms: (i) compound leaf, 
(2) peltate, (3) spatulate, (4) crenate, (5) dentate. 

(1) A compound leaf is one whose lamina is divided into 
two or more distinct subdivisions called leaflets. 

(2) Shield-shaped. Applied usually to leaves or trichomes. 

(3) A leaf with narrow base and broad, rounded apex, 
such as Uva Ursi. 

(4) Having a scalloped margin. 

(5) Toothed. The teeth projecting outward. 

Describe (1) raceme, (2) corymb, (3) umbel, (4) spike, 
(5) capitulum, (6) spadix. 

(1) Raceme. This is an indeterminate inflorescence in 
which the flowers are pedicelled and occur in succession along 
a lengthened axis, blossoming from base toward the apex. 

(2) Corymb. This resembles a raceme except that the 
rachis is proportionately shorter and the lower pedicel length- 
ened so as to bring all the flowers to about the same level. 

(3) Umbel. This likewise resembles the raceme, but has 
the rachis reduced still more than in the corymb, and the 
nearly equal pedicels radiate from it like the rays of an 
umbrella. 

(4) Spike. This is like the raceme except that the flowers 
are sessile instead of pedicelled. 

(5) Capitulum, or head, is like a spike except that it has 
the rachis shortened so as to form a very compact cluster of 
sessile or nearly sessile flowers. 

(6) Spadix. This is a flower-cluster, like the spike, that is 
partially or wholly enclosed in a large bract, called a spathe, 
which springs from its base. 

Define the following kinds of sections: (a) transverse, 
(b) radial-longitudinal, (c) tangentiaMongitudinal. 

(a) A transverse section is one made horizontally through 
the object so that its plane lies at right angles to the long 
axis of the object sectioned. 



BOTANY. 321 

(b) A radial-longitudinal section is one which is made 
parallel to the long axis of the object in such a way that it 
lies in the plane of the radius. 

(c) A tangential-longitudinal section is one made parallel 
to a plane which is tangent to the cylinder. 

State the histological elements found in leaves. 

Epidermal cells, stomata with surrounding guard cells, 
mesophyll cells containing chloroplasts or chromoplasts or 
both, trichomes, oil glands, collenchyme tissue (usually in 
mid-rib or in regions of veins) , and fibro- vascular tissue. 

Define (a) stolon, (b) procumbent, (c) culm, (d) fruti=> 
cose, (e) suffruticose. 

(a) A stolon is a prostrate branch, the end of which, on 
coming in contact with the soil, takes root, so giving rise to 
a new plant. 

(b) Procumbent. A term applied to stems which trail 
along the ground in their growth. 

(c) A culm is a jointed stem of a grass or sedge. 

(d) Frutieose. A term applied to a shrubby plant which 
has woody stems arising from a shorter main stem near the 
ground. 

(e) Suffruticose. A term applied to undershrubs whose 
stems are extremely woody only at the base. 

State the botanical origin of (a) Calumba, (b) Quinine, 
(c) Friar's Cap, (d) Levant Worm Seed, (e) Oil of Rose* 
mary. 

(a) Jateorhiza palmata. 

(b) Cinchona ledgeriana, C. calisaya, C. succirubra, and 
other species and hybrids. 

(c) Aconitum napellus. 

(d) Artemisia paucinora. 

(e) Rosmarinus officinalis. 
21 ' 



TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 



What is toxicology? What is a poison? Give an ex- 
ample of three mineral and three vegetable poisons, their 
doses and antidotes. 

Toxicology is that science which treats of poisons. A poison 
is a substance which when introduced into the body may 
cause disease or death, and this as an ordinary result and not 
by mechanical action. 

Examples : Mineral poisons : Arsenic trioxide, average dose, 
0.002 Gm. (V30 grain) ; antidote, freshly prepared ferric 
hydroxide with magnesium oxide. Mercuric chloride, average 
dose, 0.003 Gm. ( x / 20 grain) ; antidote, albumen. Lead ace- 
tate, average dose, 0.065 Gm. (1 grain) ; antidote, sodium 
sulphate. 

Vegetable poisons: Morphine, average dose, 0.008 Gm. (y s 
grain) ; antidote, atropine. Atropine, average dose, 0.0005 
Gm. ( 1 / 120 grain) ; antidote, pilocarpine. Digitalis, average 
dose, 0.065 Gm. (1 grain) ; antidote, nitroglycerin. 

Name two narcotic poisons. Dose and antidote for same. 

Narcotic poisons: Morphine, average dose, 0.008 Gm. (y s 
grain) ; antidote, atropine. Chloral hydrate, average dose, 
0.5 Gm. (8 grains) ; antidotes, amyl nitrite and strychnine. 

Name two irritant poisons. Dose and antidote for same. 

Irritant poisons: Arsenic, average dose, 0.002 Gm. ( 1 / 30 
grain) j antidote, freshly prepared ferric hydroxide with 
magnesium oxide. Antimony and potassium tartrate, aver- 
age dose, 0.005 Gm. ( 1 / 10 grain) ; antidotes, white of egg and 
tannic acid. 

(323) 






324 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 

What is an antidote? In giving atropia in case of 
poisoning by morphia, what kind of an antidote would it 
be; and where you give common salt in case of nitrate of 
silver poison, what kind of an antidote would that be? 
State difference between the two, if any. 

An antidote is a substance introduced into the body to pre- 
vent a poison from producing its usual deleterious effect. 
Atropia, in the case cited, is a physiological antidote. The 
salt in the second case cited is a chemical antidote. The for- 
mer acts by virtue of its antagonistic physiological effects; 
the latter by rendering the silver compound insoluble, and 
therefore incapable of absorption. 

What is an emetic? Mention five emetics that are 
commonly used. Why should not an emetic be used in 
poisoning by mineral acids? 

An emetic is a substance given to produce vomiting. Five 
emetics commonly used are apomorphine, mustard, ipecac- 
uanha, zinc sulphate, and copper sulphate. In poisoning by 
strong mineral acids the mucous membrane is often so in- 
jured as to render the use of an emetic dangerous. 

What is the antidote for sugar=of=lead, oxalic acid, tartar 
emetic, carbolic acid, Fowler's Solution, nitrate of silver, 
strychnine, laudanum, tr. belladonna? 

Antidotes for sugar-of-lead — sodium or magnesium sul- 
phate. For oxalic acid — magnesia or chalk. For tartar 
emetic — tannin or albumen. For carbolic acid — sodium sul- 
phate. For Fowler's Solution — ferric hydroxide. For nitrate 
of silver — sodium chloride. For strychnine — sodium bromide. 
For laudanum — atropine. For tr. belladonna — pilocarpine. 

What is a narcotic, corrosive and an irritant poison? 
Give an example of each, also dose, antidote and symptom 
of poisoning of the same. 

A narcotic poison is one affecting the brain nerve-centers. 
Example: Morphine, average dose, 0.008 Gm. (% gr.) ; anti- 



TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 325 

dote, atropine. Symptoms: Drowsiness, stupor, coma, con- 
tracted pupils, congestion. 

A corrosive poison is one with, direct chemical action on 
the tissues with which it comes in contact. Example: Sul- 
phuric acid, average dose, dilute acid, 1 Mil. (15 minims) ; 
antidote, magnesia. Symptoms, great pain, vomiting and 
prostration. 

An irritant poison is one which irritates and inflames the 
tissues. Example : Arsenic, average dose, 0.002 Gm. ( 1 / 30 
grain) ; antidote, ferric hydroxide. Symptoms : Nausea, 
pain, thirst, vomiting and prostration. 

Define posology, maximum dose, minimum dose. 

Posology is the science of dosage of medicines. The maxi- 
mum dose is the largest dose consistent with safety. The 
minimum dose is the smallest dose capable of exerting physio- 
logical action. 

State Young's rule for the calculation of doses for chil= 
dren. 

Divide the age at next birthday by that age plus 12; the 
quotient represents the fraction of the adult dose that may be 
administered. Thus, for a child 4 years at next birthday — 
4 _ ) 4 12 = -^ = J of adult dose. This rule applies to any age 
up to twelve years. 

What is Cowling's rule for dosage? 

It applies to any age up to and including the twenty-fourth 
year, and is thus : The age at next birthday is divided by 24, 
and that fraction of the adult dose gives the quantity sought. 
For example : Child 2 years at next birthday = -fa = ^ of 
adult dose. 

Define the following: A dose, demulcent, antagonistic, 
lethal dose. 

A dose is the measured portion of medicine to be taken at 
one time. Demulcent — a substance, usually of a mucilaginous 
nature, to protect the mucous membranes. Antagonistic is a 
term applied to a drug that neutralizes the therapeutic effect 
of another. A lethal dose is one capable of producing death. 



326 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 

Name three vegetable and three mineral emetics, and 
state the emetic dose of each. 

Vegetable emetics: Apomorphine hypodermic (vegetable 
origin), 0.005 Gm. (yV grain) ; by mouth, 0.01 Gm. (£ grain) ; 
ipecacuanha, 1.3 Gms. (20 grains) ; mustard, 2-8 teaspoonfuls 
in 8 ounces of tepid water. 

Mineral emetics: Copper sulphate, 0.6-2.0 Gms. (10-30 
grains) ; zinc sulphate, 0.6-2.0 Gms. (10-30 grains) ; tartar 
emetic, 0.030 Gm. (i/ 2 grain). 

In poisoning by an unknown substance, what emer- 
gency treatment would you employ? Give reason for 
each antidote you would use. 

Remove the poison from the stomach, using a stomach-tube, 
or give an emetic, such as ipecacuanha or apomorphine. Open 
the bowels by means of a purgative, such as magnesium sul- 
phate. Give as a chemical antidote magnesia in milk or white- 
of-egg in milk, or in case the vomited matter is alkaline, give 
instead of the magnesia a weak acid, such as acetic or citric 
acid. The magnesia and the albumen have a beneficial action 
in most cases of poisoning by irritants or corrosive. If the 
poison is evidently a narcotic, as judged by the symptoms, 
give tannin or strong, green tea, tannin being a precipitant 
for most alkaloids. Sustain the heart action and respiration 
by stimulants as seem required. 

Where are emetics eontraindicated? Where are oils 
used? Why are oils and fats eontraindicated for phos- 
phorus? What is the chief benefit derived from mucilage? 

Emetics may be eontraindicated in poisoning by corrosives 
where the mucous membrane is seriously damaged. Oils are 
used in alkali poisoning and with other corrosives for their 
demulcent action. Oils and fats are eontraindicated for phos- 
phorus because, by their solvent action, they increase the 
amount absorbed. Mucilage is useful chiefly for its demul- 
cent action in protecting the mucous membranes; it is a 
"mechanical antidote." 



TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 327 

In poisoning by what substances should the use of the 
stomach=tube or stomach=pump be avoided? In poisoning 
by what substances should oils not be given? Give reasons 
for your answer to this question? 

In poisoning by corrosives the stomach- tube should not be 
used on account of the danger of producing injury to the 
already weakened mucous membrane. Oils should not be 
used with poisons soluble in oils, such as phosphorus, the 
increased solubility increasing the absorption, and therefore 
the toxic action. 

Name five poisonous substances which combine with 
tannin forming less dangerous compounds. How much 
tannin would you give as an antidote? 

Tartar emetic, colchicum, atropine, digitalis, eserine. 

Dose of tannin, 0.6-1.3 Gms. (10-20 grains). 

Define ptomaine, hypnotic, styptic. 

A ptomaine is a chemical substance, alkaloidal in character, 
produced by the action of bacteria on organic matter. 

Hypnotic is that which causes sleep. 

A styptic is that which when applied externally has the 
property of checking hemorrhage by causing vascular con- 
traction. 

Name four demulcents. Define cumulative poison. 

Decoction of Iceland moss, gum arabic, mucilage of sassa- 
fras pith and slippery-elm bark. 

A cumulative poison is one which suddenly exhibits a note- 
worthy effect after the taking of a number of apparently in- 
effective doses. 

Name the official acids of sulphur, and state the emer= 
gency treatment in case of poisoning by them. Should 
the stomach=pump or stomach=tube be used in this class 
of poisons? 

The official acids of sulphur are the acidum sulphuricum. 
acidum sulphuricum aromaticum, acidum sulphuricum dilu- 
tum. 



328 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 

In poisoning by the strong acids, give magnesia in water 
or milk, flour in milk, demulcent drinks, morphine to allay 
pain, and hypodermatic stimulants in collapse. When the 
acid taken has not been sufficiently strong to seriously damage 
the mucous membrane, give the usual emetics. 

The stomach-pump or tube are not used in these cases on 
account of the possibility of further damaging the weakened 
mucous membranes. 

Give the remedy and treatment for poisoning by 
matches, kerosene, ammonia, lye. 

In poisoning by matches the poison to be considered is gen- 
erally phosphorus. Give copper sulphate as the emetic and 
antidote. Wash out stomach with one per cent potassium 
permanganate and use magnesium sulphate as a purgative. 

Kerosene is not, strictly speaking, a poison; if untoward 
symptoms arise, give an emetic and treat physiologically. 

Ammonia taken internally is to be treated with plenty of 
water and with dilute acids, acetic (vinegar) or citric, white- 
of-eggs, oils, and demulcent drinks. The laryngeal symptoms 
may be controlled by inhaling the fumes of hot vinegar. 
Poisoning by lye is treated as is that by ammonia, though 
laryngeal symptoms are commonly absent. 

State antidotal treatment for poisoning by iodine. By 
any of the copper salts. 

For iodine, give emetics and boiled starch or flour paste 
with water. 

For the copper salts, give emetics, warm milk with white 
of egg, magnesia, and potassium ferrocyanide. 

What condition or symptoms would indicate poisoning 
by a corrosive mineral acid? What general antidotal 
treatment should be employed in such poisoning? 

A corrosive mineral acid would be suggested by extreme 
pain, cold skin, bloody vomiting and collapse. The vomited 
matter reacting strongly acid. The general antidotal treat- 



TOXICOLOGY AND P080L0GY. 329 

ment consists in the use of magnesia, as chemical antidote, 
with demulcent drinks to protect the mucous membranes. 

Name the official antidote for poisoning by arsenic. 
What chemical reaction takes place? How would you 
identify arsenic in vomit? 

The official antidote for arsenic is ferric hydroxide with 
magnesium oxide. The ferric hydroxide of the antidote 
combines with the arsenic, forming an insoluble arsenate of 
iron. 

2Fe 2 (OH) 6 + As 2 3 = Fe 3 (AsOJ 2 + Fe(OH) 2 + 5H 2 0. 

The most satisfactory chemical test for the detection of 
arsenic in vomit is the Reinsch. Acidify with pure hydro- 
chloric acid, introduce a strip of bright, clean copper foil, 
and boil. Should a gray coating form on the copper, remove 
the copper, dry carefully and heat in an ignition-tube; the 
arsenical coating will be volatilized and will deposit upon 
the cooler portion of the tube in the form of crystals of the 
trioxide. 

Give emergency treatment for poisoning by arsenic. 
How is the official antidote prepared? 

Use stomach-tube, administer emetics, give milk with mag- 
nesia or white-of-egg, keep body warm. 

The special antidote is ferric hydroxide with magnesium 
oxide, prepared as follows: 40 Mils, of the U. S. P. solution 
of ferric sulphate are mixed with 125 Mils, water and placed 
in a large flask. 10 Gms. magnesium oxide are rubbed up 
with cold water and placed in a second flask with about 750 
Mils, of water. For use, the magnesium oxide mixture is 
shaken and added gradually to the diluted solution of ferric 
sulphate, this mixture being again shaken. 

What trace of poison may subnitrate of bismuth con- 
tain? 

It may contain a trace of arsenic. 



330 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 

Give safe and toxic doses of arsenic. Describe symp* 
toms of poisoning by same, and tell how and what anti- 
dote is to be administered. 

Arsenic is administered medicinally in doses of 0.001-0.004 
Gm. (Veo-Vu grain). Doses of 0.065-0.130 Gm. (1-2 grains) 
may be fatal. The symptoms of arsenical poisoning are 
thirst, pain, vomiting, purging, cramps, skin cold, pulse small, 
collapse. The special antidote is ferric hydroxide with mag- 
nesium oxide, which, when prepared according to the Phar- 
macopceial directions, is given in doses of 120 Mils. (4 fluid 
ounces). 

Name the official solutions of arsenic. What would be 
the dose of each corresponding to i=io grain of arsenic? 

Solution of potassium arsenite, solution of arsenous acid, 
and solution of arsenic and mercuric iodides. 

In each case 10 minims would contain approximately 1 / 10 
grain of arsenic. 

Give the official name of tartar emetic. Name an 
official preparation in which it is used. Give its adult 
doses, chemical and physiological antidote. 

Official name — antimonii et potassii tartras. 

It is used in the official preparation, syrupus scillae com- 
positus. Average dose: expectorant, 0.005 Gm. (-^ grain); 
emetic dose, 0.030 Gm. (y 2 grain). 

Tannic acid is the chemical antidote. There is no true 
physiological antidote ; morphine may be required for the 
pain, and stimulants for the depression. 

State the symptoms together with the antidote for 
phosphorus poison? 

The symptoms of phosphorus poisoning are : disagreeable 
taste, thirst, nausea, vomiting, purging; later a jaundiced 
condition and hemorrhages; sometimes neurotic symptoms, 
cramps, and convulsions. 

Antidote is copper sulphate, which also acts as an emetic 



TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 331 

Give also animal charcoal, dilute hydrogen dioxide, inhalation 
of oxygen or ozone, old oil of turpentine, but no other oils. 

Name a mercurial preparation that is most frequently 
used for suicidal purposes. What is the best antidote in 
case of poisoning? How would you detect it in vomit? 

Mercuric chloride or bichloride of mercury. The best anti- 
dote is albumen or white-of-egg, followed by the stomach- 
pump. 

Mercuric chloride is most easily detected in the vomit by 
the modified Eeinsch test. Acidify with pure hydrochloric 
acid and introduce a strip of bright, clean copper foil. In 
presence of mercury a gray deposit forms upon the copper, 
becoming silvery-white on gentle friction. 

Give a chemical test for corrosive sublimate. 

See modified Eeinsch test in answer to preceding question ; 
also, in aqueous solutions, sodium hydroxide gives a yellow 
precipitate; ammonium hydroxide, a white precipitate, and 
potassium iodide, a scarlet precipitate. 

Give a chemical test for mercurous chloride. 

Mercurous chloride, a heavy, white powder, insoluble in 
water, is turned black on addition of ammonium hydroxide. 

Give test for identity of sugar=of=lead, sulphate of zinc, 
and calomel. 

Sugar-of-Lead. Test — Soluble in water. Solutions pre- 
cipitated by sulphuric acid, white; by potassium chromate, 
yellow; by hydrogen sulphide, black; by potassium iodide, 
yellow. To demonstrate that the salt is an acetate, add strong 
sulphuric acid and warm the mixture ; the odor of acetic acid 
is produced. 

Sulphate of Zinc. Test — Sodium hydroxide gives a white 
precipitate, soluble in excess of reagent. Ammonium sul- 
phide gives a grayish-white precipitate, insoluble in excess. 
Hydrogen sulphide gives a white precipitate, easily soluble 
in acids. To demonstrate that the salt is a sulphate, add 



332 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 

barium chloride solution; a white precipitate of barium sul- 
phate is formed. 

Calomel. Test — See answer to preceding question. 

Name the chemical antidote for sugar=of=!ead, nitrate of 
silver, iodine, oxalic acid. 

Antidotes — For sugar-of-lead, sodium or magnesium sul- 
phate; for nitrate of silver, common salt, sodium chloride; 
for iodine, boiled starch or flour-paste and water; for oxalic 
acid, magnesia or chalk. 

Give a chemical test for nitrate of silver. 

Sodium chloride solution gives a white, curdy precipitate, 
insoluble in nitric acid, soluble in ammonium hydroxide. 

Would you use one of the following in sulphuric acid 
poisoning: An emetic, sodium bicarbonate, magnesia, 
milk? Explain regarding the use of each. 

An emetic would be contraindicated in poisoning by strong 
acid on account of damage to the stomach caused by retch- 
ing. Sodium bicarbonate is contraindicated, except in dilute 
small doses, on account of the sudden evolution of carbon 
dioxide gas. Magnesia or magnesia and milk form the ideal 
antidotal treatment, the product of the chemical reaction, 
magnesium sulphate, being in itself advantageous. 

Give the antidotes for the following drugs in poisonous 
doses: (i) caustic soda, (2) corrosive sublimate, (3) red 
iodide of mercury, (4) red precipitate, (5) sugar=of=Iead, 

(6) nitrate of silver, (7) ammonia water, (8) phosphorus, 
(9) rough on rats, (10) iodine. 

Antidotes: (1) "Vinegar or lemon juice. (2) (3) (4) Al- 
bumen or white-of -egg, followed by emetics. (5) Sodium 
or magnesium sulphate. (6) Common salt, sodium chloride. 

(7) Vinegar and inhalation of fumes of hot vinegar. (8) 
Copper sulphate. (9) Ferric hydroxide or ferric hydroxide 
with magnesium oxide. (10) Boiled starch or flour-paste and 
water or milk. 



TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 333 

Give the antidotes for the following poisons: (i) min= 
eral acids, (2) caustic alkalies, (3) tartar emetic, (4) ar- 
senic, (5) zinc chloride, (6) phosphorus rat paste. 

(1) Weak alkalies, by preference, magnesia. (2) "Weak 
acids, acetic or citric, as in vinegar and lemon juice. (3) 
Tannic acid. (4) Ferric hydroxide with magnesium oxide, 
(5) Albumen and milk. (6) Copper sulphate. 

Give symptoms and treatment in case of poisoning by 
sugar=of=lead. 

The symptoms of acute poisoning by sugar-of-lead are 
nausea, burning in the stomach, colic and retching. In the 
more chronic forms we have anaemia, colic, obstinate consti- 
pation, "wrist drop," and palsy. Treatment: Stomach-tube 
and emetics, magnesium sulphate, sodium sulphate, and po- 
tassium iodide. 

Describe the toxicology of alkalies, ammonia, iodine, 
alcohol and iodoform. 

The alkalies in concentrated doses produce great pain, 
vomiting, retching, prostration, and collapse. In treatment 
give plenty of water with dilute acids, acetic or citric, and 
olive oil, white-of-egg, etc. Give morphine for the pain, and 
stimulants as required. 

Ammonia is similar to the other alkalies, with pronounced 
laryngeal symptoms from the irritating vapor. Treat as for 
other alkalies and give inhalation of acetic acid vapor or of 
chloroform. 

Iodine produces pain, vomiting, purging, full pulse, some- 
times an eruption on the skin. In treatment give emetics and 
boiled starch or flour-paste and water or milk. 

Alcohol in acute poisoning produces dyspnoea, dilated 
pupils, stupor, convulsions, or coma. Treatment: Stomach- 
tube, emetics, fresh air or oxygen, warmth to body, and 
strychnia or other hypodermatic stimulant. 

Iodoform produces depression, sometimes mild delirium, 
rapid pulse, high temperature, and possibly collapse. Treat- 



334 TOXICOLOGY AND PO SO LOGY. 

merit: Remove the cause and treat symptoms. There is no 
special antidote nor is one required. 

Give the antidote for the following poisons: (i) oxalic 
acid, (2) carbolic acid, (3) formaldehyde, (4) nux vomica, 
(5) resorcin, (6) stramonium, (7) opium, (8) chloroform, 
(9) cyanide of potassium, (10) creosote. 

(1) Magnesia or chalk. (2) Sodium sulphate and alco- 
holic drinks. (3) Solution of ammonium acetate. (4) Po- 
tassium bromide, tannic acid. (5) Same as for (2). (6) 
Pilocarpine nitrate, and morphine. (7) Potassium perman- 
ganate, and atropine. (8) Sodium carbonate, and stimulants. 
(9) Hydrogen dioxide. (10) Same as for (2). 

Give antidotes for the following drugs when taken in 
poisonous doses: (1) acetanilide, (2) aconite or aconitine, 
(3) antipyrine, (4) bromalhydrate, (5) brucine, (6) chloral 
hydrate or chloroform, (7) cocaine. 

(1) Strychnine, hypodermatically. (2) Atropine and nitro- 
glycerine. (3) Strychnine. (4) Sodium carbonate and hypo- 
dermatic stimulants. (5) Potassium bromide. (6) Same as 
for (4). (7) Amylnitrite, tannin, and strychnine. 

What are the symptoms and treatment in case of poi- 
soning by camphor, carbolic acid, nux vomica, laudanum, 
oxalic acid, oil pennyroyal, chloral hydrate, aconite? 

Camphor in sufficient dose may produce delirium and con- 
vulsions. Treatment: Emetics, and purgative, and brandy. 

Carbolic acid produces faintness, pallor, contracted pupils, 
feeble pulse, stertorous breathing, coma, urine which darkens 
on exposure. Treatment: Sodium sulphate or magnesium 
sulphate, white-of-egg, brandy, dilute aeetic acid or vinegar, 
followed by emetics. 

Nux vomica may produce restlessness, twitching, tetanic 
convulsions generally with opisthotonos, followed by periods 
of relaxation. Treatment: Emetics, plenty of water, tannin, 
potassium bromide, amyl nitrite, darkened room. 

Laudanum produces sense of weight in limbs, drowsiness, 



TOXICOLOGY AND PO SO LOGY. 335 

coma, pupils contracted, labored breathing, feeble pulse, skin 
generally warm. Treatment: Stomach-tube, emetics, potas- 
sium permanganate, atropine. 

Oxalic acid produces pain and tenderness, thirst, vomiting, 
and depressed heart; sometimes convulsions. Treatment: 
Magnesia or chalk in milk, saccharated lime, castor oil and 
stimulants. 

Oil pennyroyal produces no characteristic toxic symptoms; 
if required, an emetic may be administered and atropine given 
hypodermatically. 

Chloral hydrate may produce vomiting, the more serious 
symptoms, however, are in the heart depression and coma. 
Treatment : Use stomach-tube or emetics, and give stimulants 
of brandy, strychnine and atropine. 

Aconite produces numbness, tingling, depression of heart 
and respiratory centers, and paralysis. Treatment : Emetics, 
atropine or strychnine, inhalation of amyl nitrite. Keep 
patient in a recumbent position. 

What emergency treatment should be used in case of 
poisoning by carbolic acid? 

See in answer to preceding question. 

Name an oxidizing agent used in case of poisoning by 
morphine. Explain how it should be used. 

Potassium permanganate, about 10 grains in 8 ounces of 
water, repeating dose in one-half hour, or add the perman- 
ganate to the water used in washing the stomach. 

Give a chemical test of identity for morphine; for 
quinine. 

Test for Morphine : Concentrated nitric acid dissolves the 
alkaloid, with the production of a red color which is not 
turned to a purple on addition of stannous chloride. 

Test for Quinine: To 1 Mil. of the aqueous solution con- 
taining just enough sulphuric acid to effect solution add 2 
Mils, bromine T. S. and 1 Mil. ammonia water; an emerald- 
green color will be produced. 



336 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 

In morphine poisoning what alkaloid may be given for 
its physiological effect? Name the chemical antidote for 
morphine? 

The physiological antidote is atropine. The chemical anti- 
dote is potassium permanganate. 

Describe the symptoms and state the emergency treat- 
ment which should be employed for poisoning by bella= 
donna. For poisoning by oxalic acid. By what chemical 
test would you distinguish oxalic acid from Epsom salts? 

Belladonna produces a flushed face, dilated pupils, con- 
traction of the throat, excitement and delirium. Treatment : 
Emetics, pilocarpine nitrate, and morphine. 

Oxalic acid produces pain and tenderness, thirst, vomiting, 
weak heart, and sometimes convulsions. Treatment: Mag- 
nesia or chalk in milk, saceharated lime, castor oil and stim- 
ulants. 

Oxalic acid is distinguished from epsom salts by its acid 
reaction and by effervescing with sodium carbonate. Epsom 
salts with sodium carbonate produces a white precipitate but 
no effervescence. 

How would you identify carbolic acid other than by the 
sense of smell? If one ounce of carbolic acid be diluted 
with a pint of water and taken at one dose, would its 
action be fatal? Explain. 

Carbolic acid may be identified by the fact that it coagu- 
lates albumen and collodion and gives an airethyst blue with 
dilute ferric chloride solution. In the diluted state de- 
scribed, one ounce of carbolic acid would probably not be 
fatal, though it might produce serious systemic effects. The 
action of carbolic acid is two-fold, its local action, produced 
by the strong solutions only, and its systemic action, pro- 
duced by the carbolic acid absorbed into the blood. 

What symptoms would lead you to suspect poisoning 
by strychnine? What emergency treatment would be 
employed? Give a chemical test for strychnine. 

The symptoms suggestive of strychnine poisoning are as 



TOXICOLOGY AND PO SO LOGY. 337 

follows: Restlessness, twitching, tetanic convulsions, the body 
being bent backward and rigid. Muscles all set rigid, then 
periods of relaxation, followed by a return of the convulsions. 

Treatment: Emetics, with plenty of water, tannin, potas- 
sium bromide, amyl nitrite ; keep patient quiet and in a dark- 
ened room. 

Test: Dissolve the alkaloid in a few drops of concentrated 
sulphuric acid on a watch-glass and drag through the solu- 
tion, by means of a glass rod, a small crystal of potassium 
dichromate. A succession of colors is produced — dark blue, 
purple, cherry-red, and reddish-yellow. 

Name the symptoms by which you would be able to 
recognize poisoning by the following drugs. Also give 
the antidotes in each case, (i) Antipyrine, (2) cocaine, 
(3) colchicum, (4) colocynth, (5) morphine. 

(1) Antipyrine presents no characteristic symptoms; in 
large doses it depresses the heart's action and produces a 
peculiar livid discoloration of the surface. Treatment: 
Strychnine, brandy, recumbent position. 

(2) Cocaine produces faintness, dizziness, weak pulse, de- 
lirium or coma, sometimes paralysis. Treatment: Stomach- 
tube, emetics, tannin, amyl nitrite, and strychnine. 

(3) Colchicum produces thirst, vomiting, purging, exhaus- 
tion. Treatment: Tannin, emetics, morphine. 

(4) Colocynth is similar to colchicum, with more painful 
colic. Treatment: Same as for colchicum. 

(5) Morphine produces sense of weight in limbs, drowsi- 
ness, increasing coma, pupils contracted, labored breathing,, 
feeble pulse, skin generally warm. Treatment: Stomach- 
tube, emetic, potassium permanganate, atropine. 

Describe the symptoms of poisoning by acetanilide. 
Name three substances which would act as physiological 
antidotes in poisoning by it. 

Pronounced weakr^ss, skin livid, heart depressed, possibly 
coma and collapse. Three substances acting, in part at least, 
22 



338 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 

as physiological antidotes are brandy, strychnine, and atro- 
pine. 

Name the chemical antidote for hydrocyanic acid? 
Mention antidotes and tell how administered for poison= 
ing by arnica, by Phytolacca. 

The chemical antidote for hydrocyanic acid is hydrogen 
dioxide. For arnica poisoning give strychnine or atropine, 
hypodermatically. For Phytolacca poisoning give an emetic, 
an alcoholic stimulant by the mouth, and strychnine or atro- 
pine hypodermatically. 

Digitalis: Give the dose, part used, medicinal properties, 
chemical antidote and an antagonist. 

Dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Part used, the leaves. Used 
as a heart stimulant and diuretic. Tannic acid acts as both 
chemical and physiological antidote. Saponine is the best 
antagonist. Morphine and aconite are antagonists to a lesser 
degree. 

What emergency treatment should be employed for 
poisoning by illuminating gas? 

Artificial respiration, fresh air, oxygen, ozone, friction, 
brandy hypodermatically. 

Give the official name and dose of (i) calabar bean, (2) 
dog button, (3) hemlock, (4) Indian hemp, (5) chloral hy- 
drate, (6) deadly nightshade, (7) arsenic, (8) colchicum 
seed, (9) lobelia, (10) stramonium leaves. 

(1) Physostigma, 0.100 Gm. (iy 2 grains). (2) Nux vom- 
ica, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). (3) Conium, 0.200 Gm. (3 grains) 
(deleted from U. S. P. IX). (4) Cannabis, no official dose. 
(5) Hydrated chloral, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). (6) Belladonna, 
leaves, dose 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). (7) Arsenic trioxide, 0.002 
Gm. (V 30 grain). (8) Colchicum seed, 0.200 Gm. (3 grains). 
(9) Lobelia, 0.15 Gm. (2y 2 grains). (10) Stramonium, 0.06 
Gm. (1 grain). 



TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 339 

What is the dose of acetate of potash? Oil of eucalyp= 
tus? Menthol? Fluidextract of rhus glabra? Biacetyl«= 
morphine? 

Acetate of potash, 1 Gm. (15 grains). Oil of eucalyptus, 
0.5 Mil. (8 minims). Menthol, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Fluid- 
extract of rhus glabra, 1 Mil. (15 minims). Diacetylmor- 
phine, 0.003 Gm. (7 20 grain). 

Give the average adult dose of the following drugs: (i) 
aspidosperma, (2) apomorphine hydrochloride, (3) argenti 
nitras, (4) argenti oxidum, (5) atropinae sulphas, (6) 
elaterin, (7) hydrocyanic acid diluted, (8) hyoscine hydro* 
bromide, (9) morphine acetate, (10) strychninae sulphas. 

(1) Aspidosperma, 4 Gm. (60 grains). (2) Apomorphine 
hydrochloride, hypodermic emetic dose, 0.005 Gm. (^ grain). 
(3) Argenti nitras, 0.010 Gm. (% grain). (4) Argenti oxi- 
dum, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). (5) Atropinae sulphas, 0.0005 
Gm. (V120 grain). (6) Elaterin, 0.005 Gm. (7 20 grain). 
(7) Diluted hydrocyanic acid, 0.1 Mil. (V/ 2 minims). (8) 
Scopolamine hydrobromide, 0.0003 Gm. (V200 grain). (9) 
Morphinae sulphate, 0.008 Gm. (y 8 grain). (10) Strychninae 
sulphas, 0.0015 Gm. ( a / 40 grain). 

State the dose of Fowler's Solution, tincture of iodine, 
tincture of hyoscyamus, tincture of nux vomica. 

Fowler's Solution, 0.2 Mil. (3 minims). Tincture of iodine, 
0.1 Mil. (iy 2 minims). Tincture of hyoscyamus, 2 Mils. (30 
minims). Tincture of nux vomica, 0.5 Mil. (8 minims). 

Give the average adult dose of (a) Quinine and Urea 
Hydrochloride, (b) Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride, (c) 
Cotarnine Hydrochloride, (d) Creosote Carbonate, (e) 
Emetine Hydrochloride. 

(a) Hypodermic (one dose daily), 1 Gm. (15 grains), (b) 
0.003 Gm. (V 20 grain), (c) 1.06 Gm. (1 grain), (d) 1 Gm. 
(15 grains), (e) Hypodermic, 0.02 Gm. (% grain). 



340 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 

What is the average dose of diastase, eugenol, mono- 
bromated camphor, sodium arsenate, strophanthin? 

Diastase, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Eugenol, 0.2 Mil. (3 minims). 
Monobromated Camphor, 0.125 Gm. (2 grains). Sodium Ar- 
senate, 0.005 Gm. (y 1 ^ grain). Strophanthin, daily, mouth, 
0.001 Gm. (Veo grain) ; intravenous, 0.00075 Gm. (V 80 grain). 

What is the dose of corrosive sublimate, salol, salicylate 
of soda, infusion of digitalis? 

Corrosive sublimate, 0.003 Gm. (V 20 grain). Salol or 
phenyl salicylate, 0.300 Gm. (5 grains). Salicylate of soda, 
1 Gm. (15 grains). Infusion of digitalis, 4 Mils. (1 fluid- 
drachm). 

State the average dose of (a) Desiccated Pituitary Body, 
(b) Donovan's Solution, (c) Milk of Bismuth, (d) Milk of 
Magnesia, (e) Precipitated Manganese Dioxide. 

(a) 0.03 Gm. (i/ 2 grain), (b) 0.1 Mil. (iy 2 minims), (c) 
4 Mils. (1 fluiddrachm). (d) 10 Mils. (2y 2 fluiddraehms). 
(e) 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). 

State the dose of fluidextract of ergot, methyl salicy- 
late, gallic acid, podophyllin. 

Fluidextract of ergot, 2 Mils. (30 minims). Methyl salicy- 
late, 0.75 Mil. (12 minims). Gallic acid, 1 Gm. (15 grains). 
Podophyllin, 0.01 Gm. (l/ 6 grain). 

What is the dose of acetanilide, croton oil, Donovan's 
Solution, potassium chlorate? 

Acetanilide, 0.2 Gm. (3 grains). Croton oil, 0.05 Mil. (1 
minim). Donovan's Solution, 0.1 Mil. (IV2 minims). Potas- 
sium chlorate, 0.250 Gm. (4 grains). 

What is the dose of aconite, ammonium carbonate, ar- 
senous acid, atropine sulphate? 

Aconite, 0.03 Gm. (y 2 grain). Ammonium carbonate, 0.3 
Gm. (5 grains). Arsenous acid, 0.002 Gm. ( 1 / 30 grain). 
Atropine sulphate, 0.0005 Gm. ( 1 / 120 grain). 



TOXICOLOGY AND PO SO LOGY. 341 

What is the dose of aromatic spirits of ammonia, com- 
pound spirit of ether, mercurous chloride, extract of mix 
vomica, sodium phosphate? 

Aromatic spirits of ammonia, 2 Mils. (30 minims). Spirit 
of ether, 4 Mils. (1 fhiiddrachm). Mercurous chloride, as 
laxative, 0.15 Gm. (2% grains) ; as alterative, 0.015 Gm. (14 
grain). Extract of nux vomica, 0.015 Gm. (14 grain). Sod- 
ium phosphate, 4 Gms. (1 drachm). 

What is the dose of ferrous sulphate, ichthyol, potas- 
sium bromide, wine of colchicum seed? 

Ferrous sulphate, 0.1 Gm. (iy 2 grains). Ichthyol, 0.2 Mil. 
(3 minims). Potassium bromide, 1 Gm. (15 grains). Wine 
of colchicum seed, 2 Mils. (30 minims). 

State the dose of benzoic acid, potassium permanganate, 
fluidextract of cimicifuga, spirit of chloroform. 

Benzoic acid, 0.500 Gm. (8 grains). Potassium perman- 
ganate, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain). Fluidextract of cimicifuga, 1 
Mil. (15 minims). Spirit of chloroform, 2 Mils. (30 minims). 

Give the safe and toxic doses of fluidextract gelsemium, 
aconite, foxglove, belladonna, henbane, tincture of arnica, 
and strophanthus. 

Fluidextract of gelsemium: Average dose, 0.03 Mil. (^ 
minim) ; toxic dose, possibly fatal, 4 Mils. (1 fhiiddrachm) . 

Aconite: Average dose, 0.03 Gm. (y 2 grain); toxic, prob- 
ably fatal, dose, 3.8 Gms. (1 drachm). 

Foxglove: Average dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain); toxic dose, 
0.650 Gm. (10 grains). 

Belladonna Leaves: Average dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain); 
toxic dose, 0.650 Gm. ( 10 grains) . 

Henbane: Average dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 grains) ; toxic dose, 
about 2.5 Gms. (40 grains), the fatal dose is not known. 

Tincture Arnica: Average dose, 1 Gm. (15 grains) ; toxic 
dose, possibly about 10 Gms. (150 minims). 

Strophanthus: Average dose, 0.06 Gm. (1 grain); toxic 
dose, 0.650 Gm. (10 grains). 



342 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 

State doses of physostigmine, iodine, prussic acid, car- 
bolic acid, silver nitrate. 

Physostigmine, 0.001 Gm. (V 60 grain). Iodine, 0.005 6m. 
(tV grain). Prussic acid, official, dilute, 0.1 Mil. (iy 2 min- 
ims). Carbolic acid, 0.06 6m. (1 grain). Silver nitrate, 
0.010 Gm. (i/ 6 grain). 

State doses of naphthol, orphol, pyridine, euquinine, 
duotal. 

Naphthol (beta naphthol), 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Orphol, 
0.30 Gm. (5 grains). Pyridine, 0.3 Mil. (5 minims). Euqui- 
nine, 0.25 Gm. (4 grains). Duotal, or Guaiacol carbonate, 1 
Gm. (15 grains). 

What is the dose of morphine sulphate, codeine sulphate, 
colchicine, bismuth subnitrate, sparteine sulphate? 

Morphine sulphate, 0.08 Gm. (y 8 grain). Codeine sul- 
phate, 0.030 Gm. (i/ 2 grain). Colchicine, 0.0005 Gm. (7 120 
graiu). Bismuth subnitrate, 0.500 Gm. (8 grains). Spar- 
teine sulphate, 0.010 Gm. (% grain). 

What is the dose of tincture of aconite, extract of bella- 
donna, extract of stramonium, fluidextract of valerian? 

Tincture of aconite, 0.3 Mil. (5 minims). Extract of bella- 
donna, 0.015 Gm. (14 grain). Extract of stramonium, 0.010 
Gm. (y 6 grain). Fluidextract of valerian, 2 Mils. (30 min- 
ims). 

What is the dose of methylene blue, sulphonal, tinctura 
opii, sodium sulphate, tincture of capsicum, tincture of 
belladonna? 

Methylene blue, 0.15 Gm. (2y 2 grains). Sulphonal, 0.75 
Gm. (12 grains). Tincture opii, 0.5 Mil. (8 minims). Sod- 
ium sulphate, 15 Gms. (240 grains). Tincture of capsicum, 
0.5 Mil. (8 minims). Tincture of belladonna, 0.75 Mil. (12 
minims) . 

What is the dose of tincture of colchicum seed, tincture 



TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 343 

of ferric chloride, potassium iodide, wine of antimony, 
syrup of squill? 

Tincture of colchicum seed, 2 Mils. (30 minims). Tincture 
of ferric chloride, 0.5 Mil. (8 minims). Potassium iodide, 0.3 
Gm. (5 grains). Wine of antimony, 1 Mil. (15 minims). 
Syrup of squill, 2 Mils. (30 minims). 

What is the dose of aloin, chloral, ammonium chloride, 
Lugol's Solution, mixture of rhubarb and soda? 

Aloin, 0.015 Gm. (y 4 grain). Chloral, 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). 
Ammonium chloride, 0.300 Gm. (5 grains). Lugol's Solu- 
tion, 0.2 Mil. (3 minims). Mixture of rhubarb and soda, 4 
Mils. (1 fluiddrachm). 

Give doses of the following: Antipyrin, antikamnia, 
ammonol, bismuth valerianate, bismuth salicylate, orexin, 
papain, pyoktanin. 

Antipyrin, 0.3 Gm. (5 grains). Antikamnia, 0.320 Gm. 
(5 grains). Ammonol, 0.320 Gm. (5 grains). Bismuth vale- 
rianate, 0.032 Gm. (y 2 grain). Bismuth salicylate (bismuth 
subsalicylate), 0.5 Gm. (8 grains). Orexin, 0.25 Gm. (4 
grains). Papain, 0.130 Gm. (2 grains). Pyoktanin, 0.065 
Gm. (1 grain). 

Give your own rule for doses. State difference in doses 
when given hypodermatically, by the mouth, and by the 
rectum. 

The Pharmacopoeia gives the average adult dose. To de- 
termine the dose for children, divide the age by the age plus 
twelve; the result represents the fraction of the adult dose 
suitable for the child. For hypodermatic use the dose is ordi- 
narily about one-half of that given by the mouth; for rectal 
use, about one and a half times that by the mouth. 

State rule for giving medicine to children and give an 
example. 

Divide the age by the age plus twelve; the result repre- 
sents the fraction of the adult dose suitable for the child. 



344 TOXICOLOGY AND POSOLOGY. 

Example : If the adult dose be one grain, for a child of three 
years of age it would be 3 = y 5 grain. In case of 
powerful narcotics, children will require about two-thirds of 
this proportion. 

What proportion of the adult dose of a medicine should 
be ordinarily given at the following ages: i, 3, 7, 10, 16, 80? 

Following the general rule, which, however, must be modi- 
fied according to the particular medicine to be administered, 
the proportions would be about as follows, in order named : 
one-thirteenth, one-fifth, one-third, one-half, four-sevenths, 
eight-ninths. 



SUPPLEMENT 



THE PREPARATION OF PERCENTAGE 
SOLUTIONS.* 



To make one pint of a — 

■£$ per cent, solution, 

^ per cent, solution, 

•j^ per cent, solution, 

\ per cent, solution, 

\ per cent, solution, 

1 per cent, solution, 

2 per cent, solution, 

4 per cent, solution, 

5 per cent, solution, 
10 per cent, solution, 



tt 


grains. 


2f 


grains. 


n 


grams. 


18* 


grains. 


36^ 


grains. 


73 


grains. 


146 


grains. 


292 


grains. 


365 


grains. 


730 


grains. 



1 in 5000,) dissolve 

1 in 2000,) dissolve 

1 in 1000, ) dissolve 

1 in 400,) dissolve 

1 in 200, ) dissolve 

1 in 100,) dissolve 

1 in 50,) dissolve 

1 in 25,) dissolve 

1 in 20,) dissolve 

1 in 10,) dissolve 
Examples : — To make one pint of a 1 in 2000 mercuric chlo- 
ride solution, dissolve 2§ grains of mercuric chloride in one pint 
of water. 

To make one pint of a 2 per cent, sodium nitrate solution, 
dissolve 146 grains of sodium nitrate in one pint of water. To 
make one quart of the same solution, dissolve 292 grains in 
one quart of water. 

To make one fluidounce of a 1 per cent, silver nitrate solu- 
tion, dissolve 4.5 grains (73 -*- 16) of silver nitrate in one fluid- 
ounce of water. 



To form a mixture of certain percentage from two solutions of diff- 
erent percentages. The difference between the percentage desired 

* From Piatt' s Medical Chemistry. 

(345) 



346 SUPPLEMENT. 

and the percentage of one of the solutions will give the amount 
of the other solution to be included in the mixture. Example. 
— Required the proportionate amounts of two solutions, con- 
taining 7 and 18 per cent, respectively, to make a mixture con- 
taining 16 per cent. 

18 — 16 = 2 parts of the 7 per cent, solution. 
16 — 7 = 9 parts of the 18 per cent, solution. 



Dilution of Alcohol. A = percentage strength of the 
stronger alcohol ; B = percentage strength desired. Add to B 
parts of the stronger alcohol, sufficient water to make A parts 
of the more dilute. Example. — To make 30 per cent, alcohol 
from 94 per cent, alcohol, add to 30 parts of the 94 per cent. 
alcohol sufficient water to make in all 94 party. 

To make a definite quantity of the w T eaker alcohol : Multiply 
the required strength by the required amount and divide by 
the percentage of the alcohol given. The result equals the 
amount of stronger alcohol to be diluted. Example. — To make 
100 mils of 30 per cent, alcohol from 94 per cent, alcohol : 
Multiply 30 by 100 and divide by 94 ; the result (31.9) equals 
the number of mils of the 94 per cent, alcohol to be diluted. 

lo convert all of a certain quantity to another percentage : Mul- 
tiply the quantity of alcohol by its percentage strength and 
divide by the required percentage. The quotient gives the 
quantity to which the alcohol must be diluted : Example. — To 
dilute 500 mils of 94 per cent, alcohol to 87 per cent. Multiply 
500 by 94 and divide by 87. The quotient 540 gives the 
number of mils to which the alcohol is to be diluted — i. e., 40 
mils of water are to be added. 






SELECTED FORMULAE 

Aromatic Castor Oil. 
R Olei Aurantii 

Olei Cassiae aa. gtt. i 

Olei Eicini qs. ad. 1 g i 

Misce. 

Saturated Solution of Potassium Iodide. 

Potassium Iodide 454 grains 

Distilled Water 330 minims 

Dissolve the potassium iodide in the distilled water. This gives exactly one 
fluid ounce of saturated solution of potassium iodide at normal temperature. 

Mistura Antifebratis. 
(Mary J. Drexel Some Formulary) 

R Potassii Citratis. Gm. iv 

Spiriti Aetheris Mtrosi 15 mils 

Syrupi Limonis. 15 mils. 

Liq. Ammonii Acetatis Concentrati N. F 10 mils 

Aquae Destillatae. qs. ad. 100 mils. 

F. S. A. 

Benzoin, Glycerin and Kose Water. 

Tincture of Benzoin 1 % iv 

Glycerin. 1 £ iv 

Eose Water q. s. ad. Oi 

Mix Eose Water and Glycerin thoroughly together. By means of long 

pipette reaching to bottom of container introduce the Tincture of Benzoin. 

Tr. Benzoin is perfectly emulsified by passing up through mixed liquids. 

Depilatory Powder. 

Barium Sulphide. 1 part 

Calcium Oxide 2 parts 

Zinc Oxide 2 parts 

Starch 2 parts 

Mix. 

(347) 



348 SELECTED FORMULAE. 

Violet Witch Hazel. 

Oil of Orris (liquid ) 1 dram 

Essence of Jasmine 4 ounces 

Distilled extract of Witch Hazel 4 pints 

Mix and filter through talcum until clear. It may be colored green with 
chlorophyll. 

Mistura Antidiarrhoea. 

Prepared Chalk 3 Gm. 

Tincture of Kino 5 mils 

Camphorated Tincture of Opium 4 mils 

Compound Tincture of Cardamon 10 mils 

Spirit of Chloroform. 5 mils 

Peppermint Water 40 mils 

Syrup of Orange. q. s. ad. 100 mils. 

F. S. A. 

Mistura Antirheumatica. 

Potassium Iodide 5 Gm. 

Sodium Salicylate 5 Gm. 

Wine of Colchicum Corn 15 mils 

Comp. Tincture of Cardamon. 15 mils 

Aromatic Elixir q. s. ad. 100 mils. 

F. S. A. 

Mistura Glycyrrhizae Comp. cum Ammonii Chlorido. 

Ammonium Chloride. 5 Gm. 

Mist. Glycyrrhizae Comp 100 mils 

Mix. 

Stencil Ink. 

Shellac 2 ounces 

Borax 1 J ounces 

Water.... 10 ounces 

Prussian Blue 1 ounce 

China Clay \ ounce 

Powdered Acacia \ ounce 

Boil together the shellac, borax and water until the volume of the solution 
is reduced to 10 ounces. Rub the other three ingredients together, and add 
the liquid. At first the liquid should be added in small portions at a time. 

The resultant ink may be preserved by rubbing with the three latter ingredi- 
ents a small portion of methyl salicylate. 



SELECTED FORMULAE. 349 

Bordeaux Mixture. 

Copper sulphate. 5 pounds 

Quicklime 5 pounds 

Water 50 gallons 

Dissolve the copper sulphate in 10 gallons of water ; slake the lime in half 
a barrel of water. Dilute the copper sulphate to 20 gallons, strain in the lime 
mixture, and dilute to 50 gallons. 

Baking Powder. 

Acid Calcium Phosphate. 1 J pounds. 

Sodium Bicarbonate 1 pound 

Starch. 1^ pounds 

Mix. 

Embalming Fluid. 

(Approved by committee of the National Funeral Directors' Association of 
the United States). 

Solution of Formaldehyde 1 pound 

Glycerin 4 pounds 

Sodium Borate 1\ pounds 

Boric Acid 1 pound 

Potassium Nitrate 2£ pounds 

Solution of Eosin (1%) 1 ounce 

Water, to make 10 gallons 

The sodium borate, boric acid and potassium nitrate are dissolved in 6 gal- 
lons of water ; the glycerin is added, then the solution of formaldehyde, and 
lastly the solution of eosin, and the necessary amount of water. 

Improved Sun Cholera Mixture. 

Spirit of Peppermint 2 volumes 

Spirit of Camphor 1 volume 

Tincture of Capsicum 1 volume 

Tincture of Rhubarb 1 volume 

Camphorated tincture of Opium k 5 volumes 

F. S. A. 

Antiseptic Foot Powder. 

Powdered Alum 60 grammes 

Tannic Acid 5 grammes 

Salicylic Acid 2 grammes 

Powdered Orris Root 33 grammes 

Mix. 



350 SELECTED FORMULAE. 

Library Paste. 

Powdered Tragacanth 20 parts 

White Dextrin 10 parts 

W heat Flour 60 parts 

Glycerin 10 parts 

Cold Water 40 parts 

Salicylic Acid 3 parts 

Boiling water 400 parts 

Over the tragacanth pour 160 parts of holing water, stir well and set aside. 
Mix the wheat flour and the dextrin with the cold water, stir in well, and 
then add the mixture to the tragacanth. Pour into the batter thus formed 
the rest of the boiling water, stirring constantly while doing so. Rub up the 
acid with the glycerin and add to the batter ; put the mixture of the fire, 
bring to a boil, under constant stirring, and let it cook for 5 or 6 minutes. 
When it has cooled the paste is ready. 

Druggists Flour Paste. 

Wheat Flour 4 ozs. 

Water 16 fluid ounces 

Nitric Acid 1 fluidrachm 

Oil of Cloves 5 minims 

Boric acid 20 grains 

Thoroughly mix the wheat flour, boric acid and water, and strain the mix- 
ture through a sieve ; add the nitric acid ; apply heat, with constant stirring, 
until the mixture has thickened ; when nearly cold, add the oil ; strain it 
through muslins, if not perfectly smooth. When required for pasting labels 
on tinned surface add 10% of glycerin. 

Emulsion of Cod Liver Oil (50%) 

Cod Liver Oil 8 fluid ozs. 

Powdered Acacia 2 ozs. ( av. ) 

Water 4 fluid ozs. 

Place the Powdered Acacia in a dry mortar, add the Cod Liver Oil and 
rub until smooth ; then add to the water all at once, and rub until a prefect 
emulsion is formed ; then add sufficient water to make 16 fluid ounces. 

Cream of Camphor. 

Soap 1 \ ounces 

Camphor 360 gra ins 

Ammonium Chloride 1£ ounces 

Ammonia Water 1£ fluid ounces 

Oil of Turpentine 6 fluidrachms 

Water 12 fluid ounces. 

Dissolve the soap in shavings in one-half of the water previously mixed 



SELECTED FORMULAE. 351 

■with the ammonia water, and the ammonium chloride in the other half. Mix 
the solutions well, and add the camphor disolved in the oil ; then agitate 
briskly until the liquids are united and form a perfect emulsion. 

Liquid Corn Remover. 

Salicylic Acid 15 grains. 

Extract of Cannabis ... 8 grains 

Alcohol 15 minims 

Ether 40 minims 

Flexible Collodium 75 minims 

Dissolve the Extract of Cannabis in the Alcohol and the Salicylic Acid in 
40 minims of Flexible Collodium in a tared bottle. Then add the former 
solution to the latter, and finally add 35 minims of Flexible Collodium. 

Do bell's Solution. 

Phenol Liquefactum 45 minims 

Sodium Borate 69 grains 

Sodium Bicarbonate 60 grains 

Glycerin. 1 fluid ounce. 

Water, sufficient to make. 16 fluid ounces. 

Dissolve the Liquefied Phenol in the Glycerin and the sodium salts in 14J 
fid. ozs. of water. Add the former solution to the latter and agitate. Filter 
and pass enough water through the filter to make the product measure 16 
fluid ounces. 



INDEX. 



Abbreviations, 14, 52 


Adhesion, 256 


Absinthium, 242 


Adventitious, 319 


Absolute alcohol, 218 


Agar, 207 


Acacia, 137, 237 


Agaricus campestris, life history of, 


Acer spicatum, 190 


304 


Acetanilidum, 201, 231, 296 


Agents, oxidizing, 249 


Acicular, 249 


reducing, 249 


Acid, definition for, 246 


Air, 266 


Acid acetic, 240, 292 


Alburnum, 312 


acetic dil., use in Basham's 


Alcoholmeter, 256 


mixture, 107 


Alcohol, 112 


benzoic, 9, 185, 295 


Alcohols, 290 


carbolic, 240 


Alkalies, 80 


carminic, 167 


Alkaloidal precipitants, 15, 120 


citric, 240 


Alkaloids, definition for, 29,. 80 


fuming nitric, 93 


found in opium, 119 


gallic, 9 


liquid, 236 


hydriodic, 100 


Aloe, pharmacognosy of, 157 


hydrochloric, 94 


medicinal properties, 198 


hydrocyanic, 267 


constituents, 199 


hydrocyanic dil., preparation of, 


Aloin, 199, 235 


65 


Alum, 277 


inorganic, 19, 268 


Alumen ustum, 277 


corrosive, 193 


Amanita muscaria, 305 


cauterizing, 193 


phalloides, 305 


lactic, 9, 240 


American wormseed, 181 


malic, 9 


Ammonia, 310 


nitrohydrochloric, 58, 260 


Ammoniated mercury, prep, of, 41 


dil., 59 


Ammonium bromide, 269 


number, 289 


carbonate, 269, 301 


organic, 19 


chloride, 269 


oxalic, 240 


valerate, 269 


phenylcinchonicum, 208 


Amorphous, 248 


salicylic, 295 


Amyl nitrate, 217 


tannic, 9, 297 


Amylis nitris, 217 


tartaric, 90, 240 


Anaesthetic, 200 


Acids, 80, 257 


Analytical chemistry, 283 


Aconite, 192 


Analgesic, 234 


Aconitum, 153 


Anaphrodisiac, 234 


Indian, 154 


Androecium, 311 


Japanese, 154 


Anemophilous, 314 


Acrogenous, 311 


Anhydrotic, 224 


Adeps benzoinatus, 19 


Anodyne, 192 


lanae, 217 


Antagonist, 325 


lanae hydrosus, 217 


Antidote, definition for, 324 


23 (31 


>3) 



354 



INDEX. 



Antidote for acetanilid, 324 
aeon i tine, :;24 
ammonia water, 332 
arsenic, 329, : 33 
belladonna, 325 
brucine, 324 
carbolic acid, 324 
caustic alkalies, 333 
caustic soda, 332 
chloral hydrate, 324 
chl>>rof'>rm, 324 
cocaine, 324 
corrosive poison. 324 

sublimate, 332 
creosote, 324 
cyanide of potash, 324 
digitalis. 338 
formaldehyde. 324 
hydrocyanic acid, 338 
iodine, 332 
irritant poison, 324 
laudanum. 324 
mercuric chloride, 331 
mineral acids, 3. 3 
narcotic poison, 324 
nitrate of silver, 324, 332 
mix vomica, 324 
opium. 324 
oxalic acid, 324, 332 
phosphorous, 242, 330, 

332 
phosphorous rat paste, 

33.1 
prussic acid. 242 
red iodide of mercury, 

332 
red precipitate, 332 
resorcin, 324 
rough on rats, 332 
stramonium, :<24 
strvchnine, 32 1 
sugar of leatf, 332 
sulphuric acid, 3 2 
tartar emetic, 324, 330, 

333 
zinc chloride, 333 

Aphrodisiac, 234 

Apocynum, 197 

Apomorphine, 119, 231, 298 

Apotliecitim, : <10 

Aqua ammoniae, 21 

ammoniae fortior, 21 
ophthalmicus, 51 
regia, 58, 259 

Argols, 90 



Aromatic spirits of ammonia, 61, 121 
dose of, 341 

Aromatic waters, 82 

Arnica. 204, 311 

Arsenic, common names of official so- 
lutions, 15 
official solutions, 14.330 
safe and loxic doses, 330 
symptoms of poisoning by, 330 

Asafoetida. 173 

Aspidium 172 

Aspidosperma. 195 

Atomic weight, 215 

Atophan, L09 

Auruin, 21 1 

Average doses, 45, 340, 341, 342, 343 

Aves, 243 

Baking powder, 271 
Balsam of fir, 314 
Bark, 315 

"mossed," 151 

'• renewed." 151 

" tambla," 151 
Base, 246, 

Basham's Mixture, 16, 41, 60, 277 
Basil icon ointment, 100, 110 
Bastard cardamon. 145 
Bayherry bark, 311 
Benne oil, 218 
Benzoic acid, '-95 
Benzoin 144, 184 
Berry. 317 

Belladonnae folia. 159. 1S8 
Belladonnae radix, 160 

histology of, 161 
Berberine, 181 
Betanaphthol, 92 
Bet u la. 199 
Biennial, 310 
Bin iodide of mercury, 10H 
Biologic standardization, 12 
Bis in die, 12 
Bismuth, 27!t 
Bismuth oxychloride, 249 
subcarbonate, 279 
subnitrate. 279 
Hitter apple 197, 206, 314 
Biiter root, 311 
Blackberry, 220 
Black catechu, 137 
Black draught, 36 
Black haw. 188 
Black lead, 279 
Black mold, 305 



INDEX. 



355 



Black snakeroot, 314 
Black wash, 54 
Bladderwrack, 205 
Bland's Pills. 51 
Bloodroot, '213 
Blue cohosh, 220, 311 
Blue flag, 1-7 
Blue mass, 4, 82 
Blue ointment, 4 
Blue vitriol, 280 
Boneset, 227 
Borax, 270 
Boric acid. 270 
Boroglvceride, 51 
Bos taurus, _02 
Bracteole, 315 
Bromine, -49, 261, 263 
Broom, 192 

Brown mixture, 75, 110 
Brucine, 194 
Bryonia, 2)4 
Buchu, 180 
Buckthorn, 211 
Bud, :,19 
Bulb, 319 
Burdock 189 
Burgundy pitch, 198 
Burrow's solution, 44 

Cacao. 184 
Cachets. 102 
Cafleine, 1 19, 231 
Calabar bean, lb3 
Calamine, 67 
Calamus. -20 
Calcination, 30 
Calcium, 273 

oxide, 90 
Calcium hypophosphite, 276 
Calomel, 283 
Caluruba, 321 
Calx, 9 !, -73 
Calx chlorinata, 73. 275 
Camphor. 168. 221, 291 
Camphor liniment, o5 
Cannabis, 210 
Cantharis, 167, 220 
Cantharis vittata, 205 
Capitulum. 320 
Capsicum, 139 
Capsule, 317 
Carbohydrate, 302 
Carbolic acid, 293 
Carmine, 99 
Carbo Ligni, 156 



Carbonate of magnesia, distinction 
from ( alcined magnesia, 9 

Carbon disulphide, 266 

Carbon monoxide, 266 

Cardarnon, 145. 180 

Carminative, 200 

Carpel, 311 

Carron oil, 10 

Carthamus, 229 

Carum, 143 

Cascara Sagrada, 158 

Castanea, 228 

Castor oil, 242 

Catechu, black, 137 
pale, 136 

Cathartic, 1*7 

Caulophyllum, 193 

Cayenne pepper, 227 

Cell, 316 

Cerate, S5 

Ceratum cantharidis, 98 
resinae, 98 

f'etraria, 212, 310 

Chalybeate pills, 11 

Changes in the new U. S. P. and N. 
F, 129 

Charta sinapis, 108 

Chemical equations, 250, 252, 253, 
2)5, l62, 26i», 275 

Chemical formulae, 247, 250, 253, 
2 ,4, 276, 277, 290, 291, 292 

Chemical test for ammonium chloride, 
286 
arsenic, 2S7 
corrosive sublimate, 

286 
ferric chloride. 286 
lead acetate, 286 
mercuric salts, 287 
mercurous salts, 287 

Chemical terms, 249 

Chemism, 245 

Chemistry, 245 

Chestnut. 189 

Chinese flies, 167 

Chlorine, 2>1 

Chloride of lime, 73 

Chlorinated lime, 73 

Chloroform, 77, 120, 290 

( hloroform liniment, 103 

Chocolate, ll*, 184 

Cholagogue, 179 

Chondrus, 212 

Choripetalous, 311 

Chrysarobin, 111, 194 



356 



INDEX. 



Cimicifuga, 195 
Cirnicifugin, 195 
Cinchona, 151, 200 
Cinnamon, 232 
Citric acid, 196, 292 
Citrine ointment, 13, 51 

process for making, 41 
Clarified honey, 106 
Claviceps purpurea, life history, 146 
Cloves, 169 
Coca, 184 
Cocaine, 184 
Cocculus indicus, 193 
Coccus, 166 
Cochineal, 160, 205 
Cocoanut, 185 
Cocoanut oil, 185 
Codeine, 119, 231 
Cohesion, 256 
Colation, 42 
Colchicum, 177, 223 
Colqcynth, 206 

Colorless tincture of iodine, 264 
Columbo root, 211 
Collenchyne, 318 
Collodium, prep, of, 62 
Collodium U. S. P., 98 
Coltsfoot, Ml 4 
Complete flower, 312, 313 
Compound, binary and ternary, 255 
Compound cathartic pills, 35 
chalk powder, 31 
licorice powder, 110 
mixture of glycyrrhiza, 34 
powder of jalap," 69. 242 
Compositae, characteristics of, 317 
Compressed tablets, 112 
Confections, 18 
Coniferae, 190 

official products of, 205 
Conium, 134, 191, 210 
Consumptive's weed, 311 
Containers for crude drugs, 141 
Conversion of Centrigrade to Fahren- 
heit, 35 
Fahrenheit to Centigrade, 
19 
Copaiba, 156 
Copperas, 250 
Copper oxides, 280 
sulphate, 94 
Corm, 303 
Corn smut, X09 
Corrosive sublimate, 286 



Corrosive sublimate, chemical test for, 

331 
Corymb, 320 
Cowling's rule, 325 
Cox's hive svrup, 110 
Cubeb, 191 " 
Culm, 321 
Cusso, 229 
Cramp bark, 189 
Cranesbill, 227 
Cream of tartar, 292 
Cremocarp, 317 
Crenate, 320 
Creosote, 196, 293 

test to distinguish from car- 
bolic acid, 17 
Cresol, 218 
Crocus, 195 

Crude drugs, forms of, 133 
Crystallization, 33, 257 
Cynhydrin, 66 

Daturine, 189, 194 
Deadly nightshade, 193, 230 
Decoction, definition of, 10 
Decoctions, 38 
Dehiscent, 315 
Deliquescence, 39 
Deliquescent, 248 
Deliquescent salts, 6 
Demulcent, 325 
Demulcents, 211 
Dentate, 320 
Dermatol, 218 
Desiccation, 70 
Destructive distillation, 3 
Detection of albuminoid ammonia, 90 
ammonium sulphate, 90 
calcium, 90 
chlorides, 90 
copper, 90 
free ammonia, 90 
lead, 90 

organic matter, 90 
Dextrogyrate, 300 
Diachylon plaster, 36 
Diaphoretic, 200, 234 
Diastasum, 202 
Diatomic, 250 
Digestive ferments, 202 
Digitalin, 231 
Digitalis, 163, 192, 205 
Diluent, 64 
Di-methyl-ketone, 218 



INDEX. 



357 



Dimorphous, 23, 249 

Dionin, 209 

Diphtheria antitoxin, 215 

dried, 217 
Disinfectant, 224 
Dispensatory, 30, 116 
Distillation, 29 
Distilled water, 82 

Distinction between Anisura and Poison 
Hemlock, 153 
Canadian hemp and 

Dogbane, 155 
Cascara sagrada and 

Granatum, 158 
Cascara sagrada and 
northern prickly- 
ash, 158 
Choke cherry and wild 

cherry, 155 
Creosote and carbolic 

acid, 24! 
Jamaica and Surinam 

quassia, 155 
Mentha piperita and 
mentha viridis, 171 
Rhamnus California bark 
and cascara sagrada, 
m 156 
Spigeliaand Ruellia, 172 
Viburnum prunifolium 
and V. Opulus, 176 
Diuretic, 199 
Dodder. 307 
Dog Button, 135 
Donovan's solution, 15, 37 
Dose, lethal, 325 

maximum, 325 
minimum, 3.5 
Dover's powder, 9, 37, 110, 297 

formula, 31 
Drastic cathartic, 188 
Drop chalk, 218 

Drugs containing anthraquinone de- 
rivatives, 187 
Drupe, 316 

Dryopteris Filix-mas, 307 
marginalis, 307 
Dulcamara, 204 
Duramen, 312 

Ebullition, 14 

Effervescing salts, preparation of, 8 

Efflorescence. 39 

Efflorescent, 248 

Efflorescent salts, 6 



Elaterin, 182 
Elaterium, 182 
Elecampane, 191, 311 
Electrolysis, 248 
Element, 245 
Elements, number of, 245 
Elixir of pepsin and bismuth, 99 
Elixirs, 4 
Elutriation, 13, 64 

Emergency treatment in poisoning'by 
belladonna, 336 
illuminating gas, 338 
oxalic acid, 336 
unknown substance, 326 
Emetic, 324 
Emetics, vegetable, 326 
mineral, 326 

where contra-indicated, 326 
Emetinae hydrochloridum, 207 
Emetine, 189 
Emmenagogue, 200, 243 
Emollient, 211 
Emplastrum plumbi, 186 
Emulsification, 60 
Emulsion, definition, 17, 41, 110 

of castor oil, 66 

of codliver oil, 68 

with glycerite of egg yolk. 
48 

of chloroform, 106 
Emulsions, 52, 240 
Endogen, 315 
Endosperm, 311 
Entomophilous, 314 
Epispastic, 191 
Equation, 246 
Ergota, 146, 199 
Eriodictyon, 195 
Eserine, 189 
Essential oil, 12, 13 
Eucalyptus, 134, 193, 213, 311 
Eupatorium, 243 
Euphorbiaceae, 190 
Evaporation, 5, 33 
Exogen, 315 
Exsiccation, 70 

Extract of nux vomica, percent of al- 
kaloids present, 18 
Extractum glycyrrhizae purum, 75 

mode of prep. , 76 

nucis vomicae, 297 
Extracts, 89 

Fat acid, 10 
Fecula, 310 



358 



INDEX. 



Fehling's solution, 298 
Fel bovis. 10 
Ferraeniation, 4 
Ferment, . 08 
Ferments, digestive, 202 

produced by yeast, 308 
Ferns, 307 

Ferric chloride. 250, 286 
hydrate, 270 
salt. "22 
Ferrous salt. 22 
Ferrum reductum. 20 
Fertilization. 3 1 2 
Fish berries, 2H0 
Fixed oil definition of, 12 
Fixed oils. 42. 43. 194 

preparation of, 8 
Flax seed. 311 
Flower, definition of 312 
Fluidextract containing ammonia. 45 
of licorice, use of am- 
monia in. 59 
of nux vomica, 92 
of sarsaparilla, men- 
struum for, Ho' 
Fluidextracte, definition, H9 

containing acetic acid, 

44 
effect of time and light 

upon, -12 
made with alkaline 

menstruum, 1 1 
not standardized to 
hold in solution 1 
Gm. of soluble prin- 
ciple of the drug in 
each mill. 17 
Foeniculum. microscopic characteris- 
tics of. 153 
Follide. 31ti 
Formaldehyde, 72, 219 
Formin. '209 
Formula. 240 

Fowler's solution, 15, 18, 37, 61, 108 
Foxglove. 20 '> 
Fractional distillation, 37 
Frasera carolinensis, 171 
Friar's balsam, 100, 110 

cap, oil 
Fruit, M5 

Fruits, umbelliferous, 152 
Fruticose, 321 
Fuming nitric acid, 94, 128 
Fusion, 64 



Gadus morrbua. 202 

Galactagogue, 179, 234 

Gallic acid, 1''6 

Gallotannic acid, l!18 

Galbalus. 31(5 

Gambir, 136. 191 

Gamete. M0 

< -ametopbyte, 315 

Ganjah. 210 

Garbling, 1 3 

(Gaseous solutions, official, 17 

Gelatin, 209 

Gelsemine 2 1 

Gelsemium. 211 

Gentiana. 171 

Gigartina mamillosa, 195 

Ginger. 147 

adulterants for, 148 
Glonolin 56 
Glucosides. 18 
ulycerin, 56. 106 

its use with menstruum in 
manuf. of tinctures, 11 

source, 20 

tests for purity, 20 
Glvceritum boroglycerini. 54 
Glvcerites 13, 189, 239 
Gold, 211 

chloride. 280 
Goldenseal, 181, 182 
Gossypium, 214 

purificatum, 190 
Goulard's cerate. 41 

extract, 110 

preparation of, 18 
Granular effervescent salts, 26 
Green iodide of mercury, 109 
Gregory's powder. 51 
Griffith's mixture, 14 
Guarana. .0;), 2;2 
(iuaza. 210 
Gum benzoin, 197 

Gum camphor, method of pulverizing, 
7 
opium, 198 
plant. 204 
Gun cotton 98 
Gymnosperms, differences from angio- 

sperms. 303 
Gynoecium, 311 
Gypsum. 275 

Haematinic 213 
Haematoxylon, 211 
Haemostatic, 199 



INDEX. 



359 



Halogens. 261 

Hamaraelis. 228 

Hashish, 311 

Harrison law. 131 

Heat, source of. 257 

Heavy liquid petrolatum, 7 

Heavy magnesia, difference from light 

grade, 17 
Hellebore, black, 238 

green, 288 

white. 2:i8 
Henbane, 183,311 
Hepatic. 191 
Herb, 315 

Hoffman's anodyne. 12 
Homatropine. 119, 231 
Hot drops, 110 
Hungarian paprika, 139 
Huxham's tincture, 100 
Hybrid. 312 
Hybridization. 314 
Hydragogue. 192 
Hydrargyrum. 281 . 
Hydrargyri iodidum flavum. 119 
rubrum, 119 
salicylas. 285 
suhsulphas flavus, 119 
Hydrastine. 181 

Hydrastinine hydrochloride, 181 
Hydrastis 165, 214 
Hydrocarbon, 2S9 
Hydrocyanic acid, 267 
Hydrogen. 267 
Hydrogen sulphide, 266 
Hydrometer. 256 
Hygrine, 236 
Hyoscine. 235 
Hyoscyamus, 164, 183 
Hypnotic. 192 
Hypodermic cathartic, 188 

Ichthyol 221 
Ignatia, 136 
lllicimn 193 
Impalpable powder, 7 
Imparipinnate. 815 
Incompatibility. 63, 70 

examples of, 64, 115 
Indicator, 248 
Indian tobacco 197 
Inflorescence, 315 
Infusion. 10 
Infusion of digitalis, 67, 121 

ingredients of, 61 



Infusions, incompatibility with metal- 
lic and alkaloidal salts, 59 
of U. S. P., 13 
strength of unofficial, 37 

Inorganic acids, 268 

Insecta. 248 

Involucre. 315 

Iodides of mercury. 238 

Iodine. 100. 196. 261, 262 

Iodine ointment. 42 

Iodoform 9 i, 128, 290 

Iodum, 269 

Ion, 246 

Ipecac. 196 

Ipecacuanha, 162 

lridin, 195 

Iris, 19") 

Iron, 276 

sulphate. 94 

Irritant poison, 323 

Isinglass. 210 

Isomorphism, 249 

Jaborandi. 196 
•lalapa. 170. 1J-8, 229 
James powder. 51 
Javella water, 54, 69 
Jasmine, 197 
Jennerian vaccine, 223 

Kentish's ointment, 108 
Kino, 189, 192 

Australian, 135 

Encalyptus 135 

Malabar, 135 

Labarraque's solution, 69, 74 

Labiatae, 190 

Lady's slipper, 188 

Laevogyrate, 300 

Laminar, 249 

Lappa, 193 

Latin, 12, 47. 51, 52, 71, 86, 114 

Laudanum, 36 

opium strength of, 5 
Laughing gas, 260 
Laxative, 187 
Lead, 278 

acetate, 249, 286 
water, 24 
Leaf, 319 

compound. 320 
Leaves, coriacious, 319 
deciduous, 319 
pubescent, 319 



360 



INDEX. 



Leaves, sessile, 319 

tomentose, 319 
histological elements in, 321 
Lenticels, 311 
Leopard's bane, 204 
Leptandra, 190 
Lethal dose, 325 
Levigation. 12 
Levant wormseed, 180, 321 
Lichens. 309 

Light liquid petrolatum, 7 
Lignin, 318 
Lily-of-the-valley, 198 
Lime, relative solubility of, 25 
Lime water, 90 

official table, 28 
Linimentum terebinthinae, 108 
Liniments, defined. 39 
Liniments containing camphor, 15, 64 
volatile oil, 61 
Liquid alkaloids, 236 
Liquid apiol, 20 
Ligulate, ol9 

Liquid petrolatum, heavy and light, 7 
Liquor acidi arsenosi, 24 

ammoniae aoetatis, 7 
calcis, 62, 274 
cresolis comp. . 219 
ferri chloridi. 26, 46 
ferri subsulphatis. 36 
Liquor formaldehydi, 7M, 219 
hydrogenii dioxidi, 270 
hypophysis, 108 
magnesii citratis, 88 
plumbi sub-acetatis. 43 
plumbi sub-acetatis dilutus, 
cause of milky appearance 
in, 11 
vaporosus, 51 
Liquors, 7 

Litharge, 94, 128, 278 
L-mandelonitrile glucoside, 184 
Lobelia, 197 
Lobeline, 236 
Locule. 315 
Loganiaceae, 190 
Loment, 319 
Lugol's solution, 100 

constituents of, 65 
Lunar caustic, 218 
Lycopodium, 172, 205 

Maceration, 37 
Macro tin, 195 
Macrotys, 218 



Magendie's solution, 9 
Magma magnesiae, 89, 273 
Magnesia usta levis, 273 

ponderosa, 89, 273 
Magnesium, 88, 272 
Male fern, 227 
Male jalap, 170 
Mammalia. 243 
Mandrake, 191 
Manna, 205 
Marsh gas, 289 
Marsh test, 288 
Massa hydrargyi, 82 

assay of, 1 4 

per cent of mercury 

present in, 21 
preparation of, 14 
Matico leaves, 198 
Matricaria, 2z9 
May apple, 212, 311 
Mayer's solution, 15 
Measures, apothecaries, 5 

metric, 5 
Medicated waters, 82, 83 

method of prepara- 
tion, 65 
Medicinal water, preparation of, 14 
Mel, 23-5 

despumatum, 235 
rosae, 235 
Menstruum, 37 
Menthol, 213, 291 

source of, 34 
Mercurial salts, 284, 
Mercuric oxide, 109 
Mercurous chloride, chemical teats for, 

331 
Mercurous iodide, 109 
Mercury, 281, 282 

salts of, 283 
Mericarp, 317 
Meristem. 318 
Metals. 270 

Methyl alcohol, 109. 110 
salicylate, 109 

synthetic, how dis- 
tinguished from 
oil of wintergreen, 
110 
Metre, 32 

Mil. reason for its replacing c. c. , 10 
Milk of magnesia, 89 
Mistletoe. 310 
Mistura cretae, 63 

ferri composita, 14 



INDEX. 



361 



Mistura glycyrrhizae composita, 67 
rhei et sodae. 110 

Mistura, definition, 13 

Mixture. 110 

Mode of formation of acids. 248 
bases, 248 
salts, 248 

Molds, black, 305 

green and yellow, 306 

Molecular weight, 245 

Molecule, unsaturated, 250 

Monkshood, 197 

Monoecious. 312 

Monhydrated sodium carbonate, 75 

Monoxide. 250 

Monsell's solution, 41 

Morphine, analytical reaction for, 119 

Mucronate, 319 

Muriate of ammonia, 262 

Mushrooms. 304 

Mycelium. 310 

Mydriatic, 2-J4 

Myotic. 234 

Myrrha, 174 

Naphthalenum, 76 
Napthalin, 211 

source of, 34 
Narcotic poisons 323 
National formulary. 30 
Natural oleoresins, 233 
Nitrogen, 267 

Nitrogenii monoxidum, 260 
Nitrates, 268 
Nitrohydrochloric acid, 58 

diluted, 59 
Non-metals, 258 
Normal salts. 247 
Number six. 110 
Nutgalls 187 
Nux vomica, 135, 177, 224 

Official preparation, definition of, 10 
Official substances, 32 

titles, 2H6 
Oil of cajeput. 206 

carron. 10 

olive, 185 

peppermint. 190 

rosemary. 321 

sesame. 218 

turpentine, 95 

virgin, 186 

vitriol, 280 



Ointment, made by chemical reaction, 

13 
Ointments, 85, 86 

Oleate of mercury, mode of prepara- 
tion, 15 
percentage strength, 
15 
morphine, method of man- 
ufacture, 6 
Oleic acid, 196 
Oleoresins, 122. 233 

defined. 20 
natural, 122 

prepared pharmaceuticr- 
ally, 123 
Oleum olivae, 185 
sesami, 218 

theobromatis, 113, 184 
Opii pulvis, percentage of morphine 

in, 21 
Opium, 134, 149, 225 

adulteration of. 151 
essential alkaloids of, 297 
Organ, 316 
Organism, 316 
Organic chemistry, 289 
Ounce, grains in, advoirdupois, 4 
fluid, 4 
tro^, 4 
Ovis aries, 202 
Ovule, 311 

angiospermous, 313 
Oxalic acid, 196 
Oxidation. 30, 248 
Oxygen, 259 

Pancreatin. 62, 202 
Paprika, Hungarian, 139 

Spanish, 139 
Parasite, 306 
Pareira, 204 
Paregoric, 110 

opium strength of, 5 
Paris green, 116 
Pearson's solutions, 15 
Pearl white, 249 
Peduncle. 315 
Peltate. 820 
Pellitory, 314 
Pepsin. 7. 62. 202, 298 
Percolation, 105 
Percolators, 105 
Perennial, 310 
Pericarp, 317 
Pericycle, 317 



362 



INDEX. 



Petrolatum 70 

liquidura, 7 

Petroselinum sativum, 195 

Pharmaceutical arithmetic, problems 
in. 1. 2,6, 7. 29, 31, 32. : 3. 3«, 
46, 78. 107. 109, 127, 128. 12', 252 

Pharmaceutical Latin, 51, 125,248, 276 

I harmacopoeia, . 

Pharmacv. detined, 1 

Phelloderm. X17 

Phellogen. 317 

Phenazone, 209 

Plienol. 84 

Phenolphthalein, 294 

Phloem, 3,8 

Phosphoric acid. 250 

Phosphorous, 2<i4 

antidote for, 2}2 

Phytolacca. 193 

Physeter macrocephalus, 202 

Phvsosiigma. 175 

Picrotoxin. 231, 239 

Pilocarpus, 1H8 

Pilulae ferri carbonatis, 11 

Pill mass, denned. 40 

Pills, coated with balsam of tolu, 11 

Pills of ferrous iodide, 49 
mercury. 82 
phosphorous 25. 49 
potassium permanganate, 65 
substances used to coat, 50 

Piper. 131 

Piperaceae, 227 

Pisces. 205, 243 

Pix liquida. 22, 45 

Placenta, 312 

Plant, higher, parts of. 312 

Plaster containing, cerate. 108 
extract. 108 
oleoresin, 108 

Plaster of paris, 275 

Plasters, 107 

Pleurisy root, 220 

Podophyllum, presence of calc oxalate 
in, 171 

Poison, 104 

culrnative. 327 

Poison register. 104 

Poisons, irritant, 323 
narcotic, 323 

Pollination, 312 

cross, 314 
self. 314 

Polymorphous, 23, 249 

Pome, 317 



Posology, 323 
Potassii acetas. 45 

bitartrate, 91 
bromidum. 270 
hypophosphitum, 106 
iodidum, 107, 269 
permanganas, 239 
Potassium. 272 
Precipitant, 248 
Precipitate. 97 

Precipitated calcium phosphate, 83 
Precipitates, cause of formation in 

tinctures and fluidextracts, 5 
Precipitation, 33 

Prescriptions, 7, 12, 14, 17, 22, 23, 
27, 31. 38, 48, 53, 55, 57, 64, 66, 
68, 70, 71, 72, 76. 78, 79, 83, 84, 
85. 97, 101. 102, 103, 104. 114, 115, 
121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127 
Procumbent. 321 
Proto-iodide of mercury, 109 
Protoplasm, 316 
Prunus virginiana, 134 
Prussian blue. ;-'01 
Prussic acid, antidote, 242 
Ptomaine, 327 

Pulvis eflervescens compositus, 87 
jalapae compositus. 69 
opii. per cent of anhydrous 

morphine in, 12 
purgans, 51 
Purgatives drastic, 240 
Purified animal charcoal, 106 
Purified talc, 106 
Pnstulant, 234 
Pyroxylin, 98 

Quaker button, 135 
Qualitative analysis, 286 
Quantitative analysis, 286 
Quantivalence. 246 
Quicklime. 218 
Quinine, 311 

analytical reaction for, 120 

Raceme, 320 

Radical, 247 

Radiate, 311 

Rnnunculaceae, 190 

Rectal suppositories, shape and weight, 

19 
Red bearberry, 311 
Red precipitate 109 
Reinsch's test, modified, 287 
Reduction, 248 



INDEX. 



363 



Kesins, 239 

preparation of, 8 
distinction from gums, 3 

Rhachis. 315 

Rhizome, 303 

Rhubarb, 142. 190 

"black hearted," 144 
English, 144 

Rhus toxicodendron, 243 

Rochelle salt, 3 1 

Root, 3n3 

distinction from stem, 314 

Rosaceae, 190 

Rosin, 1)5 

Rough-on-rats, 116 

Ruellia, 172 

Rumex, 195 

Eutaceae, 190 

Sabal, 23fi 
Saccharometer, 250 
Safflower. 311 
Salicin. 34, 231 
Saline cathartics, 188 
Salol, 231 
Salt, 216 

amorphous, 10 
Salts, 247 

"ate." 247 
deliquescent, 6 
efflorescent, 6 
"ite," 247 
normal, 247 
potassium, 200 
Sanguinaria. 134, 195 
Santalum rubrum, 11 
Santonin, 238 
Sapo. 15 
Saponification, 290 

explanation of, 290 
Saponification value, 289 
Saprophyte, 30H 
ilia. 225 
ras pith. 198 
Saturated solution, 9. 242 
Sections, radial-longitudinal, 320 
tangential, 320 
transverse, 320 
Sedative, 191 
Seed. 303 

Seidlitz powders, 35, 271 
226 

175, 230. 237 

distinction between Alexandria 
and Indian, 176 



Serum, 215 

antidiphthericum, 215 

Sialagogue, 200 

Smallpox vaccine, 223 

Snake roots. 237 

Soap liniment, 61, 103 

Soda ash, 27 1 

Sodii indigotin disulphonas, 74 

Solanaceae. 190 

Solution, defined. 8 

chemical, 257 
saturated. 9 
simple. 2";7 

Solution of ammonium acetate, 60 
persulphate of iron, 36 
pituitmy body, 10S 
potassium hydroxide, 59 

Solubilities, 299 

Solvents, 9. 35 

South American drugs, 128 

Spadicious, 311 

Spadix. ;-)20 

Spanish paprika, 139 

Sparteine. 189 

Spatulate 320 

Species, 312 

Specific gravity, 96, 255 

of liquids. 94, 117 
of solids, 117 

Specific volume, 255 

Spike, 320 

Spontaneous evaporation, 11 

Sporophyte, HI 5 

Spirit of mindererus, 7. 28, 100 
nitroglycerin, 242 

Spirits, 13 

Spiritus ammoniae, 10 

ammoniae aromaticus, 34 
aetheris nitrosi. 74 
glyceiylis nitratis, 56, 242 

Squill, 240 

Starch, 177, 293 

Stem, 314 

Sterilization, 4 

Sternutatory, 234 

Stolon. 321 

Stomach pump, use of, 327 

Stone l-oot. 311 

Storax, 189 

Stramonum, 240 

Strobile, 316 

Stropbanthin, color reaction, 140 

Strophanthus, 1: 9, 177. 220 
gratus, 141 

Strychnine, 196 



364 



INDEX. 



Styptic, 192 

Styrax, 190 

Sublimation, 6, 30 

Substances, decomposing iodides, 264 

Suflruticose. 321 

Suppositoria glycerini, 21 

Suppositories, 102 

bases of, 19 
defined, 19 
rectal, 12, 19 
urethral, 19 
vaginal, 19 
Sulphate of morphine, 298 

quinine, 298 
Sulphur, 265 

lotum, 21 

official acids of, 327 
ointment, 21 
praecipitaturn, 21, 268 
Sulphuric acid. 268 
Sweet flag, 227 
Sus scrofa, 202 
.Symbol, 246 
Symptoms of poisoning by 

acetanflid, 337 
antipyrine, 117 337, 
colocynth. 117, 331 
cocaine, 117 
colchicum, 117 
morphine, 337 
strychnine, 336 
Synonym, defined, 8 
Syrup, 1 
Syrup of acacia, 1 

calcium lactophosphate, 1 

citric acid, 1 

ipecac, 1 

iron iodide. 1, 36, 276 

rhubarb, 62 

senega, 1 

senna, 1 

squill, 62 

squill compound, 34 

Table salt, 271 
Tablet triturates, 12 
Tannic acid, 196 
Taraxacum, 134 
Tartar emetic, 330 

antidote for, 330 
Terebene, 238 
Terpenes. 194, 300 

Test for accuracy of 1 oz. graduate, 9 
calomel", 331 



Test for hydrofluoric acid in solution 
of H 2 U 2 , ;01 
morphine, 325 
quinine, 325 
salicylic acid, 289 
sugar in urine, 2i)8 
sugar of lead, 331 
sulphate of zinc, 331 
to distinguish epsom salts from 
oxalic acid, 336 
Tests, Fehling's for sugar. 298 
Haine's for sugar. 298 
Trommer's for sugar, 298 
Thallophyte, 315 
Theine, 218 

Theobromine sodio-salicylas, 208 
Theophyllina. 208 
Thorn apple. 162, 197, 209, 311 
Thoroughwort, 204 
Thymol, 189 
Tincture of catechu compound. 121 

cinchona, detannated, 99 
digitalis. 34. • 6 
ferric chloride. 8, 24 
gambir compound, til, 67 
iodine, 8, 40 
lactucarium. 16 
opium, 31, 40 
opium camphorated. 185 
deodorized, 69 
Tinctures, 8, 69 

made by maceration, 9 
made by percolation, 9 
methods of manufacture. 3 
not made by extraction, 8 
percentage strength, 4 
Tissue, defined. 316 
Toxicology, 323 

of alcohol. 333 
alkalies. 333 
ammonia. 333 
iodine. 333 
iodoform, 333 
Toxin. 215 
Toxitabellae hydrargyri chloridi cor- 

rosivi. 74 
Tragacanth. 189 

Treatment in case of poisoning by cam- 
phor, carbolic acid, mix- vomica, 
laudanun, oxalic acid, oil of penny- 
royal, chloral hydrate, aconite, 324 
Trimorphous. 23, "249 
Trional 20 W 
Triticum, 228 
Trituratio elaterini, 182 



INDEX. 



365 



Triturations, 13 
Tuber, denned, 303 
Tully's powder, 26 
TurnbulTs blue, 301 
Turpeth mineral, 119 

Umbel, defined. 320 
Umbelliferae. 190 
Unguentum aquae rosae, 67 

hydrargyri nitratis, 13 
Urine, albumen test, 53 

quantity passed per diem, 52 

quantity of total solids, 53 

specific gravity, 53 

solid constituents in, 52, 298 

sugar test, 53 
Urinometer. 256 
Urticaceae. 190 

Ustilago maydis, life history of, 309 
Utricle, 31(5 

Vaccine virus, 222 

Valency, 246 

Valeriana, 149 

Vegetable drugs, how quality may be 

injured, 133 
Veratrine, 231 
Vermillion. 48 
Vesicant, 199 

Viburnum prunifolium, 176 
Virus vaccinicum, 222 
Vitriol, blue, 280 

green, 280 

oil of, 280 

white, 280 
Volatile oil. 197 
Volatile oils, 193 

preparation of, 8 



Wahoo, 191 

Water, chemical composition, 267 

•lavelle, 69 
Water bath, 28 
Weight, apothecaries, 5 
atomic, 245 
metric, 5 
molecular, 245 
White mustard, 311 
vitriol, 280 
wax, 197 
Whiting, 276 
Wild cherry, 183 
Wine of ipecac, 242 
Woods, difference between gymnosper- 

mous and angiospermous, 314 
Wool fat, 217 
Wormwood, 220 

Xanthoxylum, 210 
Xylem, 318 

Yeasts, 308 

Yellow iodide of mercury, 109 

oxide of mercury, 109 

jasmine, 2^0 

puccoon, 311 

wash, 54 
Young's rule, 325 

Zea mays, 195 

Zinc ointment. percentage strength, 26 

oleate, 277 

oxide, 277 

phosphate, 277 

phosphide, 277 

sulphate, 278 




















































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